Crm at Makro

Let me start by giving a brief idea of what Customer Relationship Management means. CRM, or Customer Relationship Management, is a company-wide business strategy designed to reduce costs and increase profitability by solidifying customer loyalty. True CRM brings together information from all data sources within an organization (and where appropriate, from outside the organization) to give one, holistic view of each customer. It's a strategy used to learn more about customers' needs and behaviors in order to develop stronger relationships with them.This allows customer facing employees in such areas as sales, customer support, and marketing to make quick yet informed decisions on everything from cross-selling (selling to an existing customer) and up-selling (selling something that is more profitable or otherwise preferable for the seller instead of, or in addition to, the original sale) opportunities to target marketing strategies to competitive positioning tactics. Once thought of as a type of software, CRM has evolved into a customer-centric philosophy that must infuse an entire organization. There are three key elements to a successful CRM initiative: people, process, and technology. The people throughout a company-from the CEO to each and every customer service representative need to buy in to and support CRM. * A company's business processes must be reengineered to support its CRM initiative, often from the view of, how can this process better serve the customer? * Firms must select the right technology to drive these improved processes, provide the best data to the employees, and be easy enough to operate that users won't face problems. If one of these three foundations is not sound, the entire CRM structure will crumble. Now that you have an idea what CRM is, I will move on to discuss the CRM of Makro.For this I had to meet up with the manager of customer relation at Makro’s head office located inside the shopping complex. The Manager was quite hel pful and encouraging which I was not expecting honestly. I took 20 minutes of his time and discuss about the CRM his company managed. I started by asking what communication means to him and his company and according to him communication skills are important in every aspect of business. Information must be clear and accurate. In Customer Service, you must be able to explain company policies to customers and answer their questions about your products or services.These customers are not experts in your business, so you must be able to translate industry terms or technical information into layman's terms. Customer development and maintenance of relationships with customers is very important especially for a huge chain like Makro. Like businesses, Hypermarkets are also focusing on improving relationships with their customers and want to gain customer loyalty. Globalization and technological improvements have given Makro a tough competition where new competitors keep on emerging Metro bei ng one of them currently.Makro is focusing on managing customer relationships in order to efficiently maximize revenues. For Makro marketing is not just limited to developing, delivering and selling, it is developing towards maintaining long term relationships with customers. Relationship marketing is becoming more and more important in financial services . Managers really needs to look at areas where opportunities lie because industry consolidation, multiple delivery channels and online banking are making the customers leave one bank for another.Thus banks are increasingly using customer relationship management to develop long lasting relationships with their customers. Ensuring customer satisfaction is their main goal of any company. To achieve this goal customers especially HORECA are frequently contacted, and it is made sure that Makro staff and CRM department asks them about the problems they are facing and they try their level best to solve them. These methods increase custome r convenience and satisfaction in the longer run and keeps on bringing the customers back.Makro offers its customer the following advantages, known as the ‘Makro Advantage’ which includes: Competitive Prices 1. Quality Guaranteed, 2. Everything Under One Roof, 3. Air-conditioned and clean environment, 4. Bulk Packing, 5. Detailed Sales Invoice, 6. Extended Business Hours – 8:00 am to 12 Midnight, 7. Open 7 days a Week including national holidays, 8. Vast and secure parking space, 9. Convenient shopping environment for senior citizens and customers on wheelchairs, 10. Makro Mail: a fortnightly price list with special promotions on a vast range of productsOne main problem is the difference in price of one product and buying in bulk. Buying in bulk is cheaper and most customers don’t understand that unless we explain it to them. So we have to continuously reinforce this idea in their minds. We also have to deal with unsatisfied customer if for example the pro duct is faulty; we have to compensate them properly. A business this large cannot survive unless we have a large number of loyal customers. Since they can easily break off and buy from our competitors. Competition is very fierce from other similar business.So we have designed some strategies to give us the competitive edge. Makro designs special promotions privileges for its customers to offer maximum benefits of price competitiveness and convenience. Enclosed is a copy of our promotional circular – the Makro Mail. This circular, published twice a month, offers Makro’s customers information on the best deals and new products available at its centers. Customers get this information delivered free of charge at their doorstep enabling them to make informed buying decisions for their businesses. Customer satisfaction is the most important objective at Makro.Makro Gold Card is one way of showing our appreciation for your patronage and providing you with a more personalized service. Gold Card at Makro offers you the advantage of an annual bonus scheme which is an extra percentage off on your annual purchase at Makro. The extra bonus amount will be excluding tax, Makro Mail offers and already discounted articles. We also offer Purchase solutions for Employee Canteen / Cafeteria, Fair Price Shop, Office equipment ;amp; stationery, General office supplies: tea, coffee, drinks, tissues, cleaning items etc and Tools ;amp; maintenance requirements.A purchase solution is when we sell our commodities online. B2B If you are a business concern that buys its need in bulk, get in touch with our Customer Development Department, stationed at each Store for your options of payment. Following non-cash options are available for purchases at all Makro Centres. Debit Card Debit card is the most convenient ;amp; safe payment option. For safety and security a separate account may be opened at Habib Metropolitan Ban or MCB, which will insure tha funds are available and cont rolled in a separate account for Makro purchase.Credit Card Makro accepts payment through credit cards with a bank charge of 1. 73% Advance on Credit Goods can be purchased against the exact amount deposited at Makro Centres. Bank Guarantee Credit is available against a bank guarantee provide by the customer to Makro Centres. Marketing The next main question was about marketing and how Makro conducts it: The CRM systems at Makro for marketing help the enterprise identify and target potential clients and generate leads for the sales team.An important marketing capability is tracking and measuring multichannel campaigns, including email, social media, telephone and direct mail. Prospect Relationship Management (PRM) solutions which track customer behavior and nurture them from first contact to sale, often cutting out the active sales process altogether. Customer Service and Solutions Makro's Customer Development Department situated on the sales floor of every Makro Centre help custome r with their question, queries and problem and offers them the right solutions. We have our own call center located in house.Customers can also E-mail and go the the site http://www. makropakistan. com/index. htm for feedback. Plus all Makro centers are equipped to help handicapped people move around and have accessibility for wheelchairs etc. keeping checks and balances on the cleanliness and maintenance of the branch: a nice, clean ambience makes an overall good experience for the customer. Feedback is very important for Makro said the manager, it helps in improving and enhancing the service we provide. Social media Social media has been a great help for many businesses.Same is the case for Makro. Social media sites like Twitter, LinkedIn and Facebook are amplifying the voice of people in the marketplace and are having profound and far-reaching effects on the ways in which people buy. Customers can now research companies online and then ask for recommendations through social media channels, making their buying decision without contacting the company. Makro has its own page on Facebook http://www. facebook. com/profile. php? id=100001615146117. People also use social media to share opinions and experiences on companies, products and services.As social media is not as widely moderated or censored as mainstream media, individuals can say anything they want about a company or brand, positive or negative. Increasingly, companies are looking to gain access to these conversations and take part in the dialogue. More than a few systems are now integrating to social networking sites. Social media promoters cite a number of business advantages, such as using online communities as a source of high-quality leads and a vehicle for crowd sourcing solutions to client-support problems.Companies can also leverage client stated habits and preferences to -target† their sales and marketing communications. Some analysts take the view that business-to-business marketers shou ld proceed cautiously when weaving social media into their business processes. These observers recommend careful market research to determine if and where the phenomenon can provide measurable benefits for client interactions, sales and support. It is stated that people feel their interactions are peer-to-peer between them and their contacts, and resent company involvement, sometimes responding with negatives about that company.

How to Create Book Report Essay

We Are Witnesses: Five Diaries of Teenagers Who Died in the Holocaust by Jacob Boas Rescue: The Story of How Gentiles Saved Jews in the Holocaust by Milton Meltzer Hiding to Survive: Stories of Jewish Children Rescued from the Holocaust by Maxine B. Rosenberg Parts of the Book Report: Title Page Actual Book Report Contents of Book Report: 1. Discuss the setting of the book. 2. Give a summary of the book by discussing the real person’s/people’s life/lives. 3. Discuss the character/person’s traits and support them with examples from the book. 4. Discuss the theme – the message of the book and some interesting facts you learned from this book. 5. Give your opinion of the book. Include the answers to the following: *How would you rate the book? Why? *What part of the book affected you and in what way? *Do you think the book gave an honest account of the personOs life? *Do you admire any of the people in the book? Why? Book Report: Fiction Kris’s War by Carol Matas Lisa’s War by Carol Matas Parts of the Book Report: Title Page Actual Book Report Contents of Book Report: 1. Discuss the setting of the book. 2. Give a summary of the book by discussing the real person’s life. 3. Discuss the main characters’ traits and support them with examples from the book. 4. Discuss the theme – the message of the book. 5. Give your opinion of the book. Include the answers to the following: *How would you rate the book? Why? *What part of the book affected you and in what way? *Do you think the book gave an honest account of a person’s life during the Holocaust? Hint: Follow guide sheets for book report for the four elements of a book; there is one more thing added this time – your opinion.

ADHD Medication: Should Antihypertensive Drugs Be Used?

Throughout the 1980's, several published research papers suggested that antihypertensive drugs can be used to effectively manage ADHD symptoms, particularly hyperactive behavior and violent tendencies. It was found that anti-hypertensive drugs clonidine and guanfacine can improve the brain's use of dopamine and inhibit the production of too much norepinephrine. Clonidine was also discovered to be better than stimulants at reducing hyperactivity, impulsivity, and mood swings. But are these ADHD medications necessarily safer than stimulant drugs?There are many kinds of drugs that reduce blood pressure through different mechanisms. Some reduce the vigor of heart contractions while others lower the amount of fluid in the blood. The anti-hypertensive medications for ADHD lower blood pressure by affecting the nervous system. To be specific, they prevent the release of norepinephrine, the neurotransmitter that boosts heart rate when the body's fight or flight response gets activated. By inh ibiting norepinephrine's release, the medicine can calm down a hyperactive child.It's very likely that the desirable effects of anti-hypertensive drugs are due to its sedative properties; drowsiness and fatigue are two of the most common side effects of clonidine. Studies also show that these medicines do not improve short attention spans and productivity. To combat this, there was a trend where doctors prescribed anti-hypertensives with the stimulant methylphenidate, found in the popular ADHD drug Ritalin. Unfortunately, this practice resulted in the death of several children.Although a medical investigation was unable to come up with evidence that the deaths were due to these drugs, many prominent doctors started questioning the value of treating ADHD with antihypertensives and methylphenidate, considering that its long-term effects and safety are poorly studied. When used alone, anti-hypertensive medications may have some potentially worrisome side effects. Since these drugs are designed to prevent hypertension, the drug may cause low blood pressure and interferes with heartbeat, which may increase the risk of heart conditions.Its sedative effects can also impair thinking and slow down motor skills, which pose safety problems for ADHD sufferers who drive or operate heavy machinery. On the other hand, anti-hypertensive medications do not have the addictive potential of stimulants and will not cause heart failure by itself. Of all the medications used to treat ADHD, anti-hypertensives seem to have the least dangerous risks. However, these risks are very real and still have the potential to be life-threatening. Consider the pros and cons very carefully before deciding to treat your child's ADHD with proper medicinal remedies.

Self-Actualisation is Impossible Within Today's Organizational Essay

Self-Actualisation is Impossible Within Today's Organizational Settings - Essay Example An individual employee would be motivated to take action if nothing hinders the emergence of high-level needs. Maslow’s hierarchy needs was designed according to U.S. cultural values. According to organizational behaviourists, organizations which endeavour to accomplish the needs of their personnel, attract the best workforce and consequently motivate the workers to perform excellently. The organization can use the wages, the work environment, and the people around the workplace to motivate the employees to work harder and achieve certain goals (Schreuder & Coetzee 2010). When organizations meet the low- order needs of the personnel, the workers will struggle for self-actualization, working to become the best they can be. The employees will thus deliver at their optimal level of creativity, turning into exceptionally valuable assets to the company. The contemporary organizations have therefore; put in place measures and strategies to enable the workers to self-actualize by acc omplishing the low-order needs of the employees. Nevertheless, some organizational behaviourists argue that it is impossible to satisfy several high-order needs in organizational settings (Hodson 2001). Eventually, the concept of self-actualization is difficult or impossible to achieve effectively in organizational settings. This paper will discuss whether it is possible for an organisation to realize self-actualisation for its individual employees. The paper presents an argument for and against self-actualisation within today’s organizational settings using illustrations from the contemporary organizational contexts. The possibility of self-actualisation within organizational context Self-actualisation is possible in high-level management than low level management because top managers are better equipped to meet their self-actualization and esteem needs. This is because the backdrop of challenging jobs and opportunities at organisational levels motivates self-actualisation n eeds. Working in teams increases employees’ abilities to satisfy their self-actualisation needs. This is because teamwork gives the employees the incentive to participate in decision making which impact on both the team and the organisation’s performance. Some employees are among group of employees trained by organisations to carry out multiple job tasks that may include hiring and training subordinates, and even terminating employment based on failure to perform satisfactorily. Self-actualisation and esteem needs begin to get satisfied when employees get to learn different tasks. Employees who are less empowered or have little control over their job tasks may feel no need for self-actualisation with regard to their job tasks. Empirical evidence shows that the satisfaction of self-actualisation needs varies according to employee’s job tasks, age, background, and the size of the company (Hellriegel & Slocum 2007). Dorer and Mahoney (2006) observe that organisatio ns could increase their productivity by increasing the individual performance of each employee and by optimisation of untapped potential inherent in employees. A full operational employee is actively involved in the development and utilisation of all his/her

Mother-Daughter Relationship and Weight Concern Annotated Bibliography

Mother-Daughter Relationship and Weight Concern - Annotated Bibliography Example Ogden, J. and Steward, J. (2000). â€Å"The Role of Mother-Daughter Relationship in Explaining Weight Concern.† International Journal of Eating Disorders, Pages 78 – 83. Presented two distinct roles manifested by mother-daughter relationship in terms of modeling the concerns of the mother and interactive role that could either be facilitative or productive of the weight concern. The authors conducted a study that required the participation of thirty mothers with respective daughters (whose ages ranged from 16 to 19 years old) through administration of the questionnaire method. The questionnaire focused on delving into issues concerning weight, as well as perceptions of participants on their relationship. According to the authors, the present study â€Å"primarily aimed to assess the degree of concordance between mothers’ and daughters’ levels of weight concern†. The results revealed that â€Å"the mother-daughter relationship may be relevant to the study of weight concern, not as a forum for modeling but as an interaction between two individuals, which is itself either facilitative or protective of weight concern in the daughter†. The article is clearly relevant in terms of the information provided from the results of the conducted study. However, the date the article was published was already fairly old, more than 10 years from contemporary time and that the results, if conducted today, could have generated a different outcome. Further, the sample size was only small and validity could have been increased by conducting the research using a larger sample size. Still, the contents could be cited in the current research for relevance of information contained herein. Ogden, J. and Chanana, A. (1998). â€Å"Explaining the effect of ethnic group on weight concern: finding a role for family values.† International Journal of Obesity, Volume 22, Pages 641-647. Explored the effect of ethnic groups, particularly Asians, on weight concern; as well as determining the influence of values exhibited by families as inflicting on the weight issues. The authors conducted the study through the participation of 20 Asians a nd 20 White daughters through a questionnaire that solicited responses on profile characteristics, values, and perception of the female perfect body. Ogden and Chanana aimed to validate previous studies that indicated that there were no differences in views with regard to body dissatisfaction and eating restraints between the Asian and White groups. In terms of the role of the family, particularly all members: mothers and siblings, except the father, the findings revealed that they all placed crucial importance on physical appearance. The authors were found to be highly authoritative on the subject matter, especially Ogden who was reported to be a Senior Lecturer in Health Psychology based in the London University. The article, though, was already outdated being published in 1998 and contemporary factors could have changed perceptions of both study groups, if the study is conducted recently. The information could therefore be cited only on areas where parallelism with current studie s would have been established. Otherwise, due to the outdated information, the results could fairly be used in the current research. Leichty, T; Freeman, P.A. and Zabriskie, R.B. (2006). â€Å"Body Image and Beliefs About Appearance: Constraints on the Leisure of College-Age and Middle-Age Women.† Leisure Sciences, Volume 28, Pages 311 – 330. Examine relevant relationships on three variables: body image, beliefs about appearance, and leisure constraints as solicited from the response of college-aged students and their respective mothers. A fairly large sample size of 116 female students and 76 mothers were used where participation required the use of computers to generate the needed information. Initially,

The Reasons the Roman Empire Fell Research Paper

The Reasons the Roman Empire Fell - Research Paper Example For the economic reason, Rome’s decline was precipitated by the decline in manufacturing and trade which resulted in the populations loss of purchasing ability. This resulted in the widening between the rich and the poor. For military reason, Rome’s armies became political as it can determine succession of emperors. Soldiers also became scarce as the empire can no longer afford to pay them. Rome resorted to barbarian troops which has no loyalty to Rome and cannot be depended on defending Rome. It is more interested in obtaining spoils of war and cannot be depended on to fight their fellow barbarians in behalf of Rome. Politically, patriotism and pride among Romans dwindled as most emperors no longer command respect and loyalty. Democracy was no longer practiced and its citizens can no longer vote. Rome’s leadership also deteriorated that it slid to patronage politics where loyalty is bestowed to an Emperor instead of the state. There was also no orderly transitio n of power, partly because the military meddles with the succession of the emperors. Rome became divided the creation of two empires brought about loyalty crisis. The division started when Constantine made Byzantium a capital which was formerly in Rome. The succeding emperor, Diocletian thought that by dividing Rome into two would strengthen the empire, in fact brought the opposite and furthered the division of the empire and precipiated its fall. This period marked a crisis characterized by military Anarchy (235 -284 AD) when its emperor, Alexander Severus was assasinated. Rome ceased to be a learning center and instead became preoccupied with gladiator shows and chariot contests instead of intellectual pursuits. In a way also, Christianity contributed to the fall of Rome because it undermined the basis of its leadership such as imperial divinity. Hunger, plagued, famine and war ensued that deteriorated the Roman empire further. In general, Rome fell due to its dependency to non-Ro mans which later turned against the empire. The Antonine Plague which wreaked havoc in 165 Ad also wiped out nearly half of its population with the spread of the epidemics such as measles and small pox. The annihilation of its population precipitated its dependency towards barbarians who turned against the empire. These barbarians were not really concerned with the security and protection of Rome but only with the loot and spoils of war. The infusion of non-Romans into its military also diluted its sense of patriotism and sense of loyalty to the empire. One of the more popular theories which was attributed to the decline and fall of Rome is its moral degradation which is often depicted in popular media such as the movie Gladiator. The series of war it was involved in also caused the demise of the Roman Empire. The first war with the Visigoths in 376-382 AD where Emperor was killed allowed the fleeing Huns to live in the borders of Rome who later rebelled against the Empire and contr ibuting to its instability2 (Goldsworthy, 2009, 13). Rome also lost during the first war. The Alaric war, which was also known as the second war with the Visigoths ultimately led to the sacking of Rome in 410. Alaric invaded Italy and eventually founded the Visigothic Kingdom in Gaul and Hispania3 (Gibbon et al., 2003, 318) Many of its territories, such as those in the regions of Hispania and

Evaluating Learning Curve for Kitchen Renovation Research Paper

Evaluating Learning Curve for Kitchen Renovation - Research Paper Example The objective of incorporating learning curves technique is to avoid steep learning curves and learn kitchen remodeling skills in a small amount of time.   The cumulative average curve is used to measure the learning curve and determines the efficiency of learning in quantified format. For the kitchen renovation project of 30 square feet of space, the rate of improvement was found to be 20%, which gives the learning percent of 80 in quantifiable terms (100 - 20 = 80). Learning efficiency was significant even for the purchased parts for which the efficiency remains in the region 80%-85% (Cyr, 2007). Kitchen remodels budgeting was the critical factor in determining the magnitude of the cumulative average curve. The general contractor was hired for the budgeting portion and over $500 was spent on budgeting alone. This cost was added to the total cost and then the learning efficiency was calculated. For installing ducts and plumbing, the learning curve remained above 70%, consuming 80 hours each. On the other hand, the learning curve for rewiring and installing lights was higher than plumbing. Due to proficiency in these tasks, less labor and time was consumed which instantly increased the learning efficiency and pushed it in the range of 85%-90%. Both of these tasks (lighting and rewiring) consumed 55-60 hours each. Follow-up on orders It is extremely crucial for a project manager to follow up on its products and services. Finishing and selling the product is one part of the battle, providing assistance after selling is another part of the job and constitutes as the backbone of customer retention. For the kitchen remodeling project, there are various aspects that need following up. Maintenance of various items is the necessary part of this project. The paint and varnish on the walls take some careful supervision after applying and needs following up. Enhancement and ongoing support are very important for a good customer feedback. Electric wiring system needs a l ot of care after installing. Follow up on the electric circuit as well as kitchen appliances counts as a regular follow up for the kitchen renovation. For this project, repairing drywalls of the kitchen required maintenance and follow up with the drywall contractor. This follow-up didn’t require any additional costs. There was also some problem in kitchen cabinets, which was discovered after installing them. Immediate replacement cabinets were called for from the contractor as he was responsible for all follow-ups. Finish carpenter was an independent contractor and the services he provided were not included in the initial contract. Therefore for tasks like Trim Molding, no follow-up service was available. For maintenance of the molding, the same carpenter was hired again at additional charges to take care of the moldings. The similar case was with the Laminate flooring, as a contractor was rehired to take care of the new flooring tiles. Another item which demands attention af ter purchase and installment is the Kitchen oven. Installment and the actual price of the oven were included in the contract price but maintenance and follow up was for one year only.  Ã‚  

The World of Geomatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The World of Geomatics - Essay Example 5000 years ago) and it is a requirement in the planning and execution of nearly every form of construction. Its most familiar modern uses are in the fields of transport, building and construction, communications, mapping, and the definition of legal boundaries for land ownership. The basic principles of surveying have changed little over the ages, but the tools used by surveyors have evolved tremendously. Engineering, especially civil engineering, depends heavily on surveyors. Whenever there are roads, dams, retaining walls, bridges or residential areas to be built, surveyors are involved. They determine the boundaries of private property and the boundaries of various lines of political divisions. They also provide advice and data for geographical information systems (GIS), computer databases that contain data on land features and boundaries. Surveyors must have a thorough knowledge of algebra, basic calculus, geometry, and trigonometry. They must also know the laws that deal with surveys, property, and contracts. In addition, they must be able to use delicate instruments with accuracy and precision. On the subject of accuracy, a surveyor is typically held to an accuracy standard of twelve-one thousandths (.012) (12/1000) of an inch over a length of one hundred (100) feet. This means, for perspective purposes, that a professional land surveyor can be expected to complete a survey of a one hundered (100) foot circle and upon returning to the point of beginning not deviate from his or her course no more than the width of a human finger-nail. In most states of the U.S., surveying is recognized as a distinct profession apart from engineering. Licensing requirements vary by state, however these requirements generally all have a component of education, experience and examinations. In the past, experience gained through an apprenticeship, together with passing a series of state-administered examinations, was required to attain licensure. Nowadays, many states require a Bachelor of Science in Surveying, or a Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering with additional coursework in surveying, in addition to experience and examination requirements. Typically the process for registration follows two phases. First, upon graduation, the candidate may be eligible to sit for the Fundamentals of Land Surveying exam, to be certified upon passing and meeting all other requirements as a Surveyor In Training (SIT).. The Role of Survey Engineering in the Future Since the nation's well being in coming years will be more tied to global markets and developments than in the past, it is appropriate for the survey engineers to become more active at international and global levels as well. By playing a strong role in promoting, facilitating, and conducting international and global studies to develop critical science information, survey engineers lends support to national security as well as foreign policy and private sector interests as the following examples illustrate: The larger world population of the future will be concentrated in developing countries. Many of these people will be living in low-latitude coastal regions where urban and economic growth is most intense and where the incidence of severe natural disasters- earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, and hurricanes-is more common. Moreover, the interconnectedness that is

Relationship Marketing of services-perspectives Essay

Relationship Marketing of services-perspectives - Essay Example As Evert Gummesson (1999) advocates total relationship marketing as " Marketing based on relationships, networks and interaction, recognizing that marketing is embedded in the total management of the networks of the selling organization, the market and society". It is directed to long term, win-win relationships with individual customers, the value is jointly created between the parties involved". In the above context if we look at affinity cards networks of relationship we can easily see three parties which are involved in the relationship network are; affinity credit card issuing bank, charity or political parties or universities or other types of such organizations and the customer who held and actually using the affinity credit cards and also members of above mentioned organizations. Basically affinity cardholders are members of a particular organization or somewhat related to organizations in the form of any relationship. It may be direct or indirect like supporters of any club or political parties. Basic relationship exists between actual affinity card users and the organization to which they belongs or affiliate directly or indirectly. On the basis of such relationships organizations develop or forge a networked relationship with the bank. The second type of relationship exists between organization and the affinity card issuing branch/bank. The relationship between bank and organization depend on mutual benefits. Bank gets the loyal customers from the memberships of the organization who use their affinity credit cards and in exchange, organization gets some monetary benefits as agreed upon by the organization and the bank. This type of business-to-business relationship depends on mutual benefits for both the parties. Bank gets the whole memberships of the organization as their customer without much of investment in customer enhancement activities and the organization benefited by getting some initial signup fee and recurring money for every buying throug h credit cards. Finally the relationship between customer and organization depends on some intangible aspects such as loyalty, pride, brand using status etc. and a distinct identity. 2. As Cardweb.com (www.cardweb.com) estimated that 250 million affinity credit cards were in circulation worldwide and it is almost one-third of all credit cards. So affinity credit cards have larger share in the credit card market. If we see the reason behind the growth of affinity card market up to such level, the main reason behind this type of business is mutual benefits and trust. As we have discussed the three parties or stake holders involved in business get mutually benefited. The banks, which issue credit card, get a larger number of customers at one go. Services involving discrete transactions can be transformed into membership relationships by providing services in bulk. The advantage for the banks to provide services to the organizations of having membership relationships is that it knows who its current customers are and, usually, what use they make of the services offered. This customer information can be valuable for segmentation purposes if good records are kept and t he data are readily accessible for analysis. Banks after knowing the identities and addresses of

History of psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 4

History of psychology - Essay Example In this aphorism, Nietzsche reveals that it is often very difficult for human beings to gain knowledge. In addition, people have a tendency of taking irrelevant things more seriously than the relevant ones. This aphorism is provocative because it challenges how man views the world and how the knowledge he has accumulated over many years cannot be of any use to him if he makes no use of it. Buber states that sin is something which man cannot do with his whole being because of the conflict which he has within him that what he is doing is wrong (Ventimiglia, 612). He further states that although man can choose to ignore the conflict concerning the sin that he is committing, he cannot completely forget the fact that what he is doing is wrong. This is quite different from the Christian understanding of sin because in Christianity, sin is caused by man’s very own nature and that in fact, it is stated the man was born with sin in his

Human Rights Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Human Rights - Essay Example The FGM is shown to be common due to deep faith and tradition. It is carried out in the name of promoting chastity, religious responsibility, and makes one ready for marriage (Guerin 1). In the country, the procedure is usually carried out on girls between the age of nine and thirteen years (Guerin 1). However, it is said to be done on girls as young as six years of age. In my opinion, the article demonstrates the worst form of human rights violation that continues to take place uncontrolled in some parts of the world. This is because it is done to minors who are not aware of the consequences. The minors are denied the rights of physical integrity. Moreover, the girls lack right to access good standard of health. This is because uneducated people with no knowledge on a good standard of health do FGM. Such girls are also denied right to life as the procedure sometimes leads to death. Therefore, there should be education on effects of procedure and implementation of laws that outlaws the

Domestic Violence among African Americans Essay Example for Free

Domestic Violence among African Americans Essay Domestic violence is abuse that occurs within a personal relationship. It can occur between former or current spouses or significant others. Domestic violence doesn’t have a name it affects both men and women of any race, religion; gay or straight; upper class or low class; adolescents, adults, or seniors. But most of its victims are women rather men. While domestic violence is present in all races, the existence among African Americans is significantly higher in the United States. There are many elements that have been shown to stimulate a person to engage in domestic violence examples are failing relationships, lack of employment, poor school systems, violent communities, drug use and the multitude of nearby accessible liquor stores. Experiencing any these situations can lead to strong emotions that can ultimately result in domestic violence. People who experience domestic violence are deeply affected and often live in fear. This plague has broken down and destroyed many African American communities. There are serious physical and mental health risks involved in domestic Violence. Abortion, stress, unconsented sexual encounters, possible suicides, complicated pregnancies and murder are few possible physical results from domestic violence. (Bent-Goodley, 2004) Abuse, control and violence are components of domestic violence. Neither the abuser nor the person being abused are winners in these type of situations. The abuser actions shows characteristics of controlling, anger, oppressor, possessiveness, power and liar. The abusers victims are usually people that can be manipulated, scared and shielded by the abuser. Although the abuser may be an adult most often their mental capacity displays child like behavior. A child will typically throw fits and become angry when things don’t go their way or they didn’t get what they wanted. This anger that possess is shown through mental and physical abuse . Abuser are usually not very open people and they believe that are right in every situation. However, they never take the blame for their actions and tend to blame others, most often their spouse. The victims  of abuse tend to show characteristics of having low self-esteem, sadness and being unconfident about themselves. Often the victim believes that this type of physical and verbal abuse should be inflicted upon them. (Agazie, 2011) Generally, a victim or spouse show signs of previously experiencing an unstable and hostile childhood, and possibly being abused as a child. As a result, they feel like an unwanted and scared child who is weak, instead of like an adult. African Americans who survive domestic violence, child abuse and community violence consistently engage in various types substance abuse at higher rates. (Hill, et al, 2012) African American abusers who has previously used a weapon or threatened their spouse with one during arguments, will more than likely kill them by lethal violence. It is stated that 80% of African American women who have murdered their partners had a history of abuse. Violence and nonviolence have been proven behaviors that are learned. Social and cultural beliefs, outlooks on life, examples, role models influences on whether a person decides to engage in volatile or nonvolatile behavior. It is very key to know how a person elects to use violence or nonviolence. (Wimberly, 2000) Statistics have shown that African American women are more prone to leave an abusive relationship and then return to it compared to white women. (Agazie, 2011) African American women suffer mistreatment over a long period of time and have a tendencies fight back. Close to 50% of victims that attempt to leave their abusive relationship are killed by their partners. (Williams, et al, 2008) African American women are brought up as younger girls under strong religious belief and family values. They are taught at a young age that once you get married you do what it takes not to become a victim of divorce. They are told that it may not be easy but you are married for life once you have made that commitment. With this type of upbringing African American women tend to procrastinate and often hesitate leaving an unhealthy marriage due to their beliefs. Most people don’t not understand the reasoning behind women staying in this form of relationship. While the reasons for their reluctances to leave an abusive relationship are uncertain, some likely justifications would be (1) when searching for a spouse African American women have a smaller amount of choices than White women; (2) African American women’s income is normally lower than of most  White women; (3) Black women are reluctant to call the police due to the trust that African American in the justice system. Unfortunately, most battered and abused Black women find no other way out of the relationship and resort to killing their partners. Losing financial means may also contribute to the reason why African American women of lower class are reluctant to report abuse. The abusing spouse may take care of the victim financially by providing a place to stay, clothes and food and, in order to keep their current living status so they remain quiet about the abuse. Reputation may play a part in why African American women of higher class hesitate to report abuse because they don’t want to put their reputation at risk. Another reason why abused victims remain quiet is because they may not be taken serious by law enforcement. It has been confirmed that domestic violence is treated more like a private family matter rather than serious matter. Typically when law enforcement is called to a domestic violence scene, no arrest is usually made and if they are ever prosecuted the case is usually dismissed. (Hampton, et al, 2008) In many cases I have found that the African American community seems to accept, if not encourage, the domestic violence that exists within it. While it is easy to blame education or social rank for a couple’s behavior or society’s reaction to it, these factors are often not as important as one might expect. A woman with multiple degrees or at the highest level of social strata is as vulnerable to domestic violence as the woman who did not graduate form high school. It equally as likely for a man who is born to an upper middle class family and a man born to a family tha t lives in poverty to participate in an abusive relationship. The Black church has always and continues to be a pillar of strength to Black families and communities. The Black church has been a powerful force in the Black community. Domestic violence is a tough situation to endure, so many African Americans turn to prayer to cope with the difficulties in their lives. (Watlington Murphy, 2006) The Black church has been unreliable and, at times, inadequate in reacting to domestic violence situations. (Bent- Goodley, et al, 2012) For instance on August 22, 2007, Bishop Thomas Weeks, pastor of an independent ministry that worked out of the Global Destiny Church (Haines, 2007) assaulted his wife, Juanita Bynum. This assault is significant not only for the positions held by the participant, but also for the actions taken by the African American  community itself. According to Haines (2007) the community did not speak out against the pastor after the beating. Rather, some members of the community spoke in support for the pastor. Haines quotes one individual as posting a message to Weeks’ MySpace page that read, Bishop Weeks, dont be discouraged, but be encouraged. Stand firm and know that the Lord is mighty in battle†. Haines reports that another community member asked her own pastor about the Weeks domestic abuse case, only to find that â€Å"he had no reaction to the abuse and only provided him with scriptures.† making her wonder what he could offer her if she were a victim of domestic abuse (Haines, 2007). While this situation may be distressing, it is not unusual. According to Jordan (2005) â€Å"When African American men act as bullies toward African American women they tend to engage in active-passive renunciation†, which leaves abused women the choice of speaking out or being ostracized. What kind of message does this send? As a young girl I watched my mother be abused countless times by my very own father. She endured this abuse for many years and it appeared as though she would never leave him. It was as if she was accepting of it or had merely gotten used to it. Then one day after 13 years she left and didn’t look back. Although she didn’t speak out about it, she removed herself from the situation. Most of my family knew about the situation but never brought it up. Years later my father eventually changed for the better. I believe that change has to come from within. You can acquire help and assistance but until you want to change no one can help you. It is difficult to create successful programs and mediation approaches that are geared towards domestic violence without fully understanding how African Americans grasp and distinguish this disease. (Bent-Goodley, 2013) Domestic abuse is not distinctive to the African American community. As it stands, whether an African American woman is rich or poor, educated or not, she is at grave risk of being abused by her partner. As it stands, that woman is also at grave risk of being rejected by her community and even her family, if she speaks up about her abuse. Domestic abuse is not limited to only woman but the percentages are outstandingly high compared to an abused make victim. This violence must come to an end. Through education from within, it might be possible to initiate change. References Williams, Oliver J.; Oliver, William; Pope, Marcus. (2008). Domestic Violence in the African American Community. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p229-237. 9p. Agazie, Maxine. (2011). Cultural Considerations Impacting Domestic Violence Among African American Women: Implications for Social Work. Conflict Resolution Negotiation Journal, Issue 1, p138-141. 4p. Watlington, Christina G.; Murphy, Christopher M. (2006). The roles of religion and spirituality among African American survivors of domestic violence. Journal of Clinical Psychology, Vol. 62 Issue 7, p837-857. 21p. Bent-Goodley, TB. (2013). Domestic Violence Fatality Reviews and the African American Community. HOMICIDE STUDIES, Vol. 17, Issue 4; p375-p390. Bent-Goodley, Tricia B. (2004). Perceptions of Domestic Violence: Health Social Work, Vol. 29 Issue 4, p307-316. 10p. Hill, Nicholle; Woodson, Kamilah; Ferguson, Angela; Parks, Carlton. (2012). Intimate Partner Abuse among African American Lesbians : Prevalence, Risk Factors, Theory, and Resilience. Journal of Family Violence, Vol. 27 Issue 5, p401-413. 13p. Campbell, Jacquelyn; Campbell, Doris W.; Gary, Faye; Nedd, Daphne; Price-Lea, Patricia; Sharps, Phyllis W.; Smith, Cheryl. (2008). African American Womens Responses to Intimate Partner Violence: An Examination of Cultural Context. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p277-295. 19p Bent-Goodley, Tricia; St. Vil, Noelle; Hubbert, Paulette. (2012). A Spirit Unbroken: The Black Churchs Evolving Response to Domestic Violence. Social Work Christianity. 2012, Vol. 39 Issue 1, p52-65. 14p. Wimberly, Edward P. (2000). The Civil Rights Movement as a Potential Mentoring Model for Ending Domestic Abuse. Journal of Religion Abuse, Vol. 2 Issue 1, p33. 16p. Hampton, Robert L. LaTaillade, Jaslean J.; Dacey, Alicia; Marghi, J. R. (2008). Evaluating Domestic Violence Interventions for Black Women. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment Trauma, Vol. 16 Issue 3, p330 -353. 23p. Haines, E. (2007). Charges against husband put new focus on televangelist. USA Today.com. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/religion/2007-09-01-ynum_N.htm Jordan, L. M. (2005). Domestic violence in the African American community. Retrieved from http://new.vawnet.org/Assoc_Files_VAWnet/RoleoftheBlackChurch.pdf

Jerusalem And The Temple Mount Religion Essay

Jerusalem And The Temple Mount Religion Essay The history of the city of Jerusalem is filled with violence and conflict. According to the Jewish Torah and the Old Testament of the Christian bible, Jerusalem was the capital of the Kingdom of Judah, which was predicted to at one time have been united with the Kingdom of Israel. Around 600 BCE the nation of Babylon conquered Judah and destroyed Jerusalem; including the sacred Temple of the Lord that King Solomon had built there, and took its people captive. It wasnt until decades after the Babylonians had plundered the city that the Jewish people were allowed to return to their home land and rebuild their once glorious city (Gascoigne, 2001). About 80 years later Jerusalem once again became the capital of Judah and the temple was reconstructed. Jerusalem was captured by the Greeks under Alexander the Great in 312 BCE and nearly a century later the Babylonians once again took over the city, this time under the rule of commander-in-chief, Seleucus. By 19 BCE the Roman empire had gained control of the area and set Harod the Great as client King over Jerusalem, under their control. Harod rebuilt the Temple of the Lord after it had lay in ruins for centuries and renamed it the Second Temple. After the death of Harod in 4 CE the Romans implemented direct rule over the city. In 66 CE, after decades of living under the authoritarian rule of the Roman Empire, the Jews rebelled. Their plight for freedom didnt last long and four years later Rome came in and pillaged the entire city and the Temple was once again destroyed. (CITATION) It was in the first century CE that the Christian bible records the death, resurrection, and ascension of Jesus Christ, the Messiah according to the Christian faith. During the second century CE Roman Emperor Hadrian rebuilt the city as a pagan city. Before Hadrians reign, the Jews had been allowed to freely practice their religion; but Hadrians rules restricting worship lead to another rebellion in the city. Hadrian responded with a massacre that led to the death of nearly half a million Jews. The Jews were then forbidden to enter the city save for one day of the year, Tish BAv, a day which Jews set aside to mourn and fast in honor of both of the Temples that had been destroyed. Jerusalem was rebuilt as a Christian city in 335 CE by the Emperor Constantine, but the Jewish people were still not allowed entry. More than 300 years later the famous Muslim shrine, the Dome of the Rock, was built in Jerusalem on the Temple Mount, the predicted location of the first and second Temples. Thr ee centuries after the Dome was built the Al-qsa Mosque, a place of worship specifically for Muslim women, was constructed on the Temple Mount near the Dome. (CITATION) Jerusalem became the Kingdom of Jerusalem in the late 11th century, around the time of the Crusades-a set of several military campaigns that lasted more than a century that were first initiated by Christian Europeans as magnificent and general act(s) of repentant faith that would culminate in the moral reform and total renewal of Christendom (Merton, 2008). Jerusalem, an important religious and historic site to Christians, Muslims, and Jews, had been captured by the Muslims and was under their rule. For the English, who were dominantly Christian, this was an abomination. It was in nearby Bethlehem that they believed the Christian Messiah, Jesus, was born, and it was in Jerusalem that he was crucified by the Jews, resurrected three days later, and then ascended into heaven before the eyes of his disciples and other followers. In the year 1095 Pope Urban II presented his idea of a Church reform (Knox) to France; he proposed that they take up arms against the Muslim Turkish Ottomans who controlled Jerusalem and save the city from Muslim control. The First Crusade began in 1097 and two years later the European army finally reached Jerusalem where, after the battle, there was a recorded 70,000 Muslim casualties. (CITATION) There were several other crusades that took place after that and the conquests lasted until the year 1291 (Knox). During this time, Jerusalem was controlled several different nations. The Sultan of Damascus razed the city and destroyed the city walls in 1219 and two decades later, after Frederick II of Germany rebuilt them, the emir of Kerak demolished them once again. The Christians conquered the city in 1243 and for the next 20 years, rule passed between the hands of the Khmarezmian Tatars, the Egyptians, and the Ottomans. Unlike under the ruling of the Tatars and the Egyptians, however, the Ottomans introduced peace back into the city. Jews, Christians and Muslims were granted freedom and were allowed to worship as they desired, in peace, alongside one another. Religious freedom was once again allowed in the city and soon after, the Kingdom of Jerusalem fell. After the Crusades, Christians started migrating to the city in order to rebuild it and salvage its history. They built chu rches throughout the city and converted the Muslim shrines and mosques, including the Dome of the Rock and the Al-Aqsa Mosque. During the 1800s the Ottoman Empire began to decline. Jerusalems population, made up of Jews, Christians, Muslims, and Armenians, did not exceed 8,000 people. The current Israeli-Palestinian conflict in the middle east can trace its beginning back to this time when Jewish immigrants started to arrive from Eastern Europe and other areas of the middle east and European nations sought control of the city. Christian churches were facing a time of religious reform and sent missionaries to the Jerusalem. In addition to the sudden flood of Jews, Europeans, and Christians, archaeologists were also interested in the city for its fascinating history of destruction and war and began flocking to Jerusalem on expeditions. The Muslim Turkish Ottomans had controlled the majority of the Middle East for centuries but in the early 1900s they declared a military jihad with France, Russians, and Great Britain (Woodward, 2009). In 1917 the British defeated the Ottomans and took control of Jerusalem. The Old City of Jerusalem became an ancient community filled with poverty and the New City, located outside the old walls, became the life of Jerusalem. Violence in the city became the norm as the Arabs began to face anxiety over the new British rule and flood of Jewish immigrants. By 1947 the United Nations suggested that the city should go under international administration and a year later the British left Jerusalem (CITATION). In 1948 the Arab-Israeli war began and residents of several Arab villages were misplaced and massacres occurred throughout the city. The city was divided when the New City joined the state of Israel and the Old City was annexed. By 1950, only a century after Jerusalems population was str uggling to meet 8,000 people, the city became the capital of Israel and was the most populous city in the country. (CITATION). (TRANSITION) Today conflict continues to plague the city; just as violence ruled the city in King Davids time, during the crusades, and throughout the 20th century, confrontation continues today amongst the three religions, especially between Muslims and Jews. The famous religious and historical site the Temple Mount is the center for much of this conflict. As stated, the site is sacred to both Islam and Judaism and both religions want reign over the area. Although Israel currently controls the city, the Temple Mount is not completely in the possession of the government; as a highly respected and desired site for so many different people, the Mount cannot stay completely in the control of any one religious group, nor can it really be shared amongst them. The Temple Mount is usually open to visitors but recent restrictions were set on who was allowed to enter the site; these restrictions included not allowing entry to the site to men under 50 years old (Sharp, 2010). However, after a Palestinian r iot in the city, which resulted in the injuries of more than 100 people, including 14 Israeli troops, the restrictions were lifted (Israel relaxes). Another riot broke out recently when Arab youths targeted Jews praying at the Western Wall. According to an article in the Jewish Telegraph Agency (JTA), the violence occurred after an Islamic imam encouraged Muslims to secure and protect sacred Islamic ground including the Temple Mount (Temple Mount reopened, 2010). Muslims have considered the site of the Temple Mount to be sacred since the prophet Muhammad wrote about his Night Journey to Jerusalem which was said to have taken place in 619 CE. It is believed by Islamic tradition that God dictated The Quran, the holy book of Islam, to Muhammad. There is controversy regarding the interpretation of the Quran, but according to most all translations, the location of the Temple Mount is the exact place where Muhammad was brought by the angel Gabriel from the Muslim temple in Mecca on his famous Night Journey. The story continues on to say that the prophets Abraham, Moses and Jesus met him in Jerusalem and they prayed together. Muhammad was offered a drink of wine, milk, and in some translations, water, and he chose the milk. Gabriel then commended him for choosing the correct drink, which represented his choice to follow Islam, the correct religion. Muhammad ascended into heaven and met God face-to-face. Even with the controversy over the story of the Night Journey, the Temple Mount holds rich religious significance to the Islamic faith. The Dome of the Rock, which stands at the center of the Temple Mount, is an important place of worship to Muslims. The Dome was built around 690 AD by Abd al-Malik.(WHO IS HE?) .Tradition says that the Dome was built to commemorate Muhammads ascension into heaven after his night journey to Jerusalem (Quran 17). (Hayes, 2010). The Oxford Archaeological Guide to the Holy Land states that Maliks intentions were actually different; he wanted to show Christians and Jews that Islam was the superior faith (Hayes, 2010). The Dome is a beautiful site to come upon. The famous golden dome had originally been made purely out of gold but was later replaced by copper, then aluminum, and is now covered with gold leaf. Its exterior is decorated with beautiful Turkish tiles and gleaming white marble. The Dome is outlined with intricate inscriptions of verses from the Quran. The interior of the Dome is adorned with picturesque floral designs and other inscriptions apart from those quoting the Quran. The Dome of the Rock was designed as carefully as the Temple, as it is an important holy place for Muslims. AL AQSA MOSQUE The Mount also holds significant value to both the Jewish and Christian faiths. It is believed by both Jews and Christians that it was at Mount Moriah, where the Temple Mount is currently located, that God appeared to the prophet Abraham, an important religious figure to both religions. The significance of the site continues for both religions. In the Old Testament of the Christian Bible and in the Jewish Torah it is written that God gave Abraham a vision of a temple that was to later be built in honor of Him. This same vision was later given to King David who, according to biblical texts, was told by God that he was not fit to build a monument of peace so he passed the plans along to his son Solomon in order for him to build it. The temple was destroyed by the Babylonians rebuilt by Harod, and was destroyed once again by the Romans. The Western Wall, also known as the Wailing Wall, and the Temple Mount were the only two structures of the Temple to survive the Roman conquest and toda y both continue to be important religious symbols to the Jewish faith. The Temple Mount is located above the Kidron Valley and the Tyropoeon Valley, which are to the east and west of the Mount, respectively. At its peak the Mount is 2,428 feet above sea level. When Harod the Great rebuilt the Temple in 20 BCE he increased the plateau of the Mount by surrounding it with four enormous walls and filling in the spaces left behind. After the expansion the total area of the Mount increased to about 35.5 acres. It is the southern wall where the Western Wall, an important landmark to the Jewish faith, is located (CITATION). The locations of the First and Second Temples are predicted to be on top of one another (Dolphin, 1995). According to the Christian bible, the inner most room of the Temple of Solomon, the First Temple, was the Holy of Holies, a place where only the high priest was allowed to enter (1 Kings 6:16).The Holy of Holies contained the Ark of the Covenant, an important religious symbol to both Jews and Christians. 1 Kings 6:21,29-30 (1994) of the C hristian bible says that Solomon covered the inside of the temple with pure gold, and he extended gold chains across the front of the inner sanctuary, which was overlaid with goldOn the walls all around the temple, in both the inner and outer rooms, he carved cherubim, palm trees and open flowers. He also covered the floors of both the inner and outer rooms of the temple with gold. The next room was The Holy Place, and then beyond that were several courtyards; first a Court for the priests, then the Jews and women, then the gentiles. The order of the courtyards was key as they were built in the order of holiness of the people who were allowed to enter each one; the Jews believed that the priests were at a level higher than them and that the gentiles were a step lower. Solomon took great care in building the Temple and it is obvious to see that same respect relayed toward the site then is also given today by the Jewish people, even though the Temple is no longer standing. The exact position where the first and second temples of the Lord were built are unknown, but three main sites have been suggested by scholars, researchers, and archaeologists. The traditional site of the Temple is said to lie beneath or very near to the Moslem shrine known as the Dome of the Rock (Dolphin, 1995). Dr. Dan Bahat, a respected archaeologist in Jerusalem, defends this statement. The two other sites where the original temple also may have laid are known as the Northern Conjecture and the Southern Conjecture. The Northern Conjecture is located 330 feet north of the Dome of the Rock, a Muslim shrine located on the Temple Mount. According to the Arabs, the predicted temple site is under an area known as The Dome of the Tablets or The Dome of the Spirits (Dolphin, 1995). The Southern Conjecture is the newest addition to the predicted traditional temple sites and is located to the south of the Dome of the Rock. Today, some rabbis forbid Jews from even setting foot on the areab ecause as the site of the ancient Jewish temple it is considered holy ground (Sharp, 2010). TRANSITION ADD THIS TO DESCRIPTION OF JERUSALEM: The geographical area known as Palestine sits next to the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River and is intertwined with Israel. The majority of Palestinians are Muslim by religion. The Palestinians have slowly been losing land to Israel and currently do not have a nation to call their own, although they have been advocating for statehood, with backing by the United States. Palestinian beliefs that they are being pushed out of the Old City are at the center of the fears of the will-be state. Palestine wants Jerusalem to be its capital when it is finally given independence as its own country, but because of its history, Israel is not so willing to give it up. Violence between Israelis and Palestinians regarding the site is almost a daily occurrence in Jerusalem and it does not appear to be ending any time soon. It seems as though any time Jews visit the Temple Mount, riots break out (Sharp, 2010). There is still frustration over regulations regard ing the Mount, as there have been laws issued abolishing non-Muslim prayer on the Mount. In court the state has argues that allowing Jewish prayer on the Mount would spark Muslim violence (Gershom, 2000). While this is highly likely, swindling the rights of the Jewish people does not appear to be the correct answer to the problem.

The Key Thinkers in Sociology

The Key Thinkers in Sociology Talcott Parsons (1902-79) was a key functionalist thinker. He suggested a special type of sociology called functionalism. He said that the function of anything is the job that it does. Functionalists see society as a social system made up of interrelated and inter-dependent institutions, such as education, work, religion, law, the family. The overall function of these institutions is to maintain social order. The nuclear family is suggested by the functionalist sociologists as the norm in modern industrial societies, and that it has a number of functions that contribute to the well-being of the society. The family is the primary agent of socialisation. It socialises new members by teaching them common norms and values. The family create consensus and order. Parsons (1995) argued that families are personality factory; they produce children who shared same norms and values and have strong sense of belonging to society. There are criticisms of the functionalist view of the family. The idea that the family benefits all individuals has been strongly attacked, mostly by feminist sociologists, who argue that the family is only there to exploit and oppress women. They believe that the rosy harmonious family life painted by functionalist ignores social problem such as increases in divorce rate, child abuse and domestic violence. The analyses are based on middle-class and American versions of family life, and they didnt add other influences such as ethnicity, social class, religion. They also see children as passive recipients of culture and this view under-estimates the role of children in families. In conclusion, functionalist thinking of the family suggests that biological needs support the nuclear family, even when there is no scientific evidence to support this view. Feminism is the sociological perspective which examines society from the perspective of women. It contrasts with traditional sociology, which was dominated by men and male concerns. There are at least four types of feminists who identify different reasons for womens unequal situation in society. They are the Marxist feminists who argued the relationship between capitalism and family, private property and the house wife role. The liberal feminist duels on the lack of equal opportunities in society. The radical feminists talk about patriarchy; this predates capitalism and present in most cultures. The difference feminists in its theory claim that certain groups of women might have unique situation that disadvantages them. Feminists have been highly critical of the family, unlike other critics; they have tended to stress the harmful effects of family life upon women. This has led them to the development of new perspectives and highlighted new issues. They have for example, introduced the study of areas of family life such as housework and domestic violence into sociology. They have challenged the views about the inevitability of the male dominance in families and questioned the views that family life is becoming egalitarian (becoming equal). Feminists have also highlighted the economic contribution made by women domestic labour within the family. Their theory has gained the attention sociologists to see the family as an institution involving power relationship. They have challenged the image of the family life as being based on cooperation, shared interests and love. It has shown that men obtain greater benefits from families than others. Some feminists have come out to question why other feminists sho uld condemn family life. Some have also argued that feminists should recognise the various improvements in family life for women over the past years. All feminists, however, argue that family life still disadvantages women. The Marxist theory of the family developed from the work of Karl Marx (1818-1883). Marx believed society was made up of two important parts, the economic base or infrastructure and the superstructure, which includes the family. By economic base, Marx means the capitalist system of production and the capitalist class structure, whereas by the superstructure, Marx means the other institutions of society, the family, the education system, the mass media, the religious system, the political system and the legal system. He argued that the economic base influences the organisation of the institutions of the superstructure so that they operate to maintain the capitalist system. Federich Engels (1884) was a close friend and colleague of Marx. He believed that early society was based on a primitive form of communism. There was no such thing as private property, wealth was communally owned, there were no rules limiting sexual behaviour and undiscriminating sexual behaviour was the norm. The society was the family. Engels believed that a monogamous nuclear family became more important as private property became more important in society. Property was owned by males and they needed to be sure of the legitimacy of their heirs (inheritors), and marriage was the best the best solution. This increased control over women or patriarchy. The criticism against Marxism is that there is a considerable working class support for the family and it is difficult to explain this if the family is a source of working class oppression. Families have sometimes helped their members to cope with the injustices of the capitalist system. There has being active opposition to the capitalist system, although such opposition occur only in a minority of families. According to Talcott Parsons (1950), family structure changed as society industrialised. Families in Britain have changed over the centuries. It has changed from extended family to nuclear family. The extended family was during the pre-industrial society. People needed to have lots of relatives with them to share the familys work (such as running a farm) and to support them in sickness and old age. The big change came with the Industrial Revolution bringing in the nuclear family. The period of Industrial Revolution (1750-1850) was when modern industry based on factories developed, and people moved in large numbers from country areas to new industrial cities. Before the Industrial Revolution, it was difficult to separate home and the whole family worked together. As time changes, it was men who went to work and women just stayed home to do the cooking and cleaning. Young and Willmott carried out studies of working-class families in London in the 1950s and 1960s. They found strong extended family networks in Bethnal Green, East London. The most important characteristic of British family today is diversity. The different types of family are the nuclear family; it is made up an adult man, adult woman and their child or children. The lone parent families are one parent, father or mother and his or her child or children. Reconstituted families are new family created after divorce through a second marriage, with stepparents and stepchildren. Co-habitation family is a name for people who live under same roof. The presence of minority ethnic groups (afro-Caribbean families and the Asian families) has also contributed to the diversity of Britains families. A study by Young and Willmott (1973) found that joint role had replaced separate roles in the home with tasks and decision making now shared. But Ann Oakley (1974) criticised this view and argued that separate roles still exist in the home. Stephen Edgell (2000) found that in the middle class, women had sole responsibility for financial decisions in relatively unimportant areas such as home decorating and children clothing. The decisions on major spending were made jointly. Evidence suggests that many women have dual burden of labour, home and work responsibilities. Sociologists Mary Boulton suggests that women have additional emotional role in the home. She called it a triple burden. Studies conducted in the 90s by sociologists showed that the role of father was changing. They are more likely to attend to the birth of their babies and play greater role in childcare than in the 60s. Burghes (1997) says fathers are now more actively involved in the emotional development of their children. The reason for this, according to Beck (1992) is that father can no longer rely on jobs to provide a sense of identity, they rely more on their children for that. Feminist have highlighted the influence of patriarch ideology on the way both husbands and wives perceive their respective situations. Ann Oakleys study, The Sociology of Housework (1974) involve forty housewives, six were employed outside the home. She found that middle class husbands gave more help with childcare than with housework. Oakleys survey has been backed by subsequent surveys. The above finding contradicts the optimistic view of Young and Willmott. Their picture of symmetrical family in which husband and wife share their work was based on responses to only one question. Functionalists see the sexual division of labour at home as biologically inevitable. Marxist feminist argue that the housewife role serves the need of capitalism. Radical feminists believe like Delphy (1984) that the first oppression is the oppression of women by men.

Essay --

Address: Block 257 Serangoon Central Drive #05-24, Singapore 550257 Phone: 83827470 E-mail: syng5@e.ntu.edu.sg ________________________________________ Career Objective I am a fresh graduate seeking a career in the civil engineering industries. With my background in Civil & Structural engineering, I believe that the skills I have acquired during the course of my education would be of value in a civil engineering and/or construction setting. Besides application of these skills, I also desire to progress in these skills and look forward to learn new skills during the course of my career. Being keen and enthusiastic individual, I pride myself on picking up new knowledge and skills. In conclusion, I am confident that my self-discipline, interpersonal skills, thus the ability to work and accomplish tasks efficiently in a team would be beneficial in any organization I am a part of. ________________________________________ Education Nanyang Technological University August 2011 – Current School of Civil and Environmental Engineering Bachelor of Engineering (Honors) in Civil Engineering CGPA: 3.49 During my course of study, I completed modules in Fluid mechanics, Mechanics of materials, Reinforced Concrete Design, Steel Design, Foundation Engineering, Structural Analysis, Computer Aided design, Transportation Engineering, CE management, Geotechnical Engineering, . Besides these core-engineering modules, I also completed modules in Human Resource Management, Marketing and went to Vietnam for a 6 months internship program with CapitaLand Vietnam. Singapore Polytechnic Apr 2006 - May 2009 School of Built Environment Diploma in Civil & Structural Engineering CGPA: 3.3 During my course of st... ...my specialization. I was exposed to site work which enables me to conduct various construction inspections, and coordinate with respective contractors to propose and rectify various projects. Hence these have enabled me to have a first-hand experience in site supervision. Having mentioned my work experience that is closely related to the field, I believe that I would be an asset to your company if ever I will be hired for the position. My strong dedication and experience to the field would make me an asset to your team. Attached herein is my resume with addition information for your kind consideration. I would be very willing to present myself for an interview at your most convenient time. I can be reached anytime via email at syng5@e.ntu.edu.sg or at my mobile, 83827470. Thank you for your time and consideration. Yours Faithfully, Melvin Ng Si Yong (Mr)

Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Coma Essay -- Diabetes Health Ess

Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Coma Diabetes is any disorder of the metabolism which causes excessive thirst and the production of large volumes of urine. A coma is a state of unrousable unconsciousness. (Martin (2002)) There are two types of diabetes: Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is a rare metabolic disorder, the symptoms of which are the production of large quantities of dilute urine and an increased thirst. It is caused by a deficiency of the pituitary hormone Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH / vasopressin) which regulates water reabsorption in the kidneys. (Martin (2002)) Diabetes Mellitus (DM) has symptoms of polyuria, wasting and glycosuria (mellitus means 'sweet urine') as well as the following tests to give a laboratory diagnosis of DM: Venous plasma glucose >11.1 mmol / L or Fasting venous plasma glucose > 7.0 mmol / L or Plasma venous glucose concentration > 11.1 mmol / L two hours after taking 75 g glucose in an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). There are two types of DM; insulin dependent DM (IDDM or type 1) and non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM or type 2) Type 1 is caused by the destruction of pancreatic b cell destruction, which can be predicted by the detection of the presence of antibodies (Abs) to islet cells, (Pitteloud, Philippe (2000)) insulin and glutamic acid dehydrogenase (GAD) (a neurotransmitter) and a decrease in b cell insulin secretion. This destruction causes a decrease in insulin production, the hormone which stimulates glucose to be stored in the muscle and liver as glycogen. Type 1 causes an abrupt onset of severe symptoms, including a tendency to ketosis and a dependence on exogenous insulin. Type 2 is caused by a diet high in saturated fats, a lack of exercise and obesity. This is because the constantly high glucose levels cause insulin to be produced at constantly high levels, and so the body becomes desensitized to its effect as cells in target tissues posses fewer insulin receptors. Characteristics of NIDDM are that insulin is present, symptoms are moderate (tiredness and thirst), there is no tendency to ketosis and patients are not dependent on exogenous insulin. High blood glucose is controlled by diet, possibly with diabetic drugs. Complications of DM are: Cataract, as excessive blood glucose binds to lens proteins. Retinopathy (micro-angiopathy) caused by hemorrhage, etc.. .. ...ether the cause is glucose concentrations being too high or too low. Many causes of diabetic coma can be treated easily with hormones and fluids. References EMANCIPATOR K (1999) Laboratory diagnosis and Monitoring of Diabetes Mellitus, American Journal of Pathology, 112(5) PP665-674 EVERS IM, TER BRAAK EW, DE VALK HW, VAN DER SCHOOT B, JANSSEN N, VISSER GH (2002) Risk indicators Predictive For Severe Hypoglycemia During The First Trimester of Type 1 Diabetic Pregnancy, Diabetes Care, 25 (3) Pp554-559 Previous course notes, BIOM2003 MARTIN ELIZABETH A (2002) Concise Medical DictionarySixth Edition, Oxford, Oxford University Press, Pp148, 190-191, 374, 665-666, 717 MAYNE Philip D. (2001) Clinical Chemistry Sixth Edition, London, Arnold, Pp209-210 MOHSENI S (2001) Hypoglycemic Neuropathy, Acta Neuropathology, 102 (5) Pp 413-421 PITTELOUD N, PHILIPPE J (2000) Characteristics of Caucasian Type 2 Diabetic Patients During Ketoacidosis and Follow-up, Schweiz Med Wochenschr , 130, Pp576 - 582 TORTORA Gerard J, GRABOWSKI Sandra Reynolds (2000) Principles of Anatomy and Physiology Ninth Edition, New York, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., Pp 41, 964, 966, c-0, c-1

Early English Law Essay

Early English law sought not only to deter crime and immoral behaviour but to exert social control, particularly over the lesser mortals, nothing changes. Crimes committed in early England are not much different to the crimes committed today, although the punishments given are very different. Our methods today for punishment no longer use barbaric methods such as hanging, stoning, burning, drowning, decapitation and the breaking of the neck for serious crimes nor do we amputate , blind, scalp and brand for the lesser crimes committed. Instead we send offenders to prison for the serious crimes and fine/community service for the lesser crimes committed. Abduction, murder, rape, robbery, damage to property and assault are still punishable today but adultery and slaves are no longer offences due to society changes. To exert social control early English law stated â€Å"any person who tried to escape pursuit or to act in self-defence could be cut down irrespective of the magnitude of the suspected offence or the age or sex of the suspected offender† this can be said for today if a suspect were to run from a crime. In Aethelbert’s codes that all men were not equal before the law, and even less so in the case of women does not extend to today as far as the law is today, all men and women are equal regardless of colour, race, age or gender. Early English law did not have prisons and fines were determined by social status, the higher up the person was the less they had to pay. The king did not have the expense in maintaining prisons as as far as he was concerned compensation rather than incarceration was eminently satisfactory method of dealing with crime. Substantial proportion of fines and confiscations were claimed by him, crime did pay as far as the crown was concerned. Today, fines could not be considered for crimes such as rape and murder. Another method of early English law social control was that of hanging, stoning, burning, drowning, decapitation and the breaking of the neck these would be done in public and people would come to watch the executions. Also, mutilation of limbs carried scars and offenders would have to live with this for the rest of their lives. This helped to exert social control as the executions and mutilations would act as a deterrent in that no one would want this to happen to them. None of these methods are done today. It is clear to see that there are no real comparisons to early English law and the law today. Today we have prisons and use fines to exert social control. We no longer use barbaric methods to enforce the law. Sentencing, fines and community service today should be enough to discourage from people offending although in all societies offences do happen as they did back in early England but today we tend to help the offenders by counselling, fining and giving back to the community as in community services, whereas early England the punishments were grotesque. Death, mutilation and maiming were acceptable methods of punishments and social control.

Miss Representation

Hattie Godine side 1302 Essay 3 Todays statistics repoints wo men and four- yr-old young ladys in the media aras of telecasting, has much attending placed upon them, and its non constantly in a positive direction. In the documentary film Miss mental repre directation the portrayal changes the way the public and around men would view women. These magnitude effect of the role of women have had for more(prenominal) than years. few organizations and commercial ads display women and girls with the idea that their smash lies in beauty products and tanning machines along with cosmetic products.Researchers have proven concerns that many support the idea of the detrimental prostitute that this attention brings to our order. Are women of todays generation being exploited as nothing more than depend upon objects? Records show that the United States is allay rattling at a lower place in average for women swaying how king regimenal positions. Miss mold photo is no l onger just a impression film, b atomic number 18ly has become a complete campaign to instill the authority for women and young girls. The campaign will summarize ch eitherenges to mountain who have ease up attempts on trans public figureing our culture for the advancement of all kind.All with the campaign, you will become educated in one form are an another(prenominal). From Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin foot race for the first Women president of the United States it shows that our society still has a long way to go. We have not yet made it to the point of women having equal rights as men do. in that respect is more to the story than Miss. Representation presents, because there are 65% of women that anguish from many self-afflicting diseases, Things such as merely not being the right shape, blazon of skin and height creates a ask different prospective on the matter.Example a alike(p) eating disorder behavior has repeat against young women in the past century. (Hea lth day cartridge holder countersign reports) Almost two-thirds (65lpercent) of young American women report disordered eating behaviors, and 10 percent report symptoms of eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia nervosa or bout eating disorder. ) Copyright 2013 ABC give-and- acquit Internet Ventures Yahoo ABC News Net employ. Television too has turn overn on a new twist to young girls as they view ifferent shows like American Next Top Model and some Reality shows they feel this is the direction that our lives should be based upon and this is the way a girl are women should like thru a television set lens. Viewing too much television puts our young children at fit reviles way. Stats show viewing TV 10 hours each day is much too dangerous mentally. It in like manner becomes very addictive for our young people. When litigate Katz states that I just question how important the dream of power and influence is to most women today. As she stated its the movie is getting it s air time but what genuinely is the message that is being sent out to the public.As Ms. Newsome interviewed several governments official that are females have open views about women in political science and what their limitation have been so far in the chain of command. Women should be of equal concerns with issues, such as fee equality as well. We can work the very(prenominal) average hours as a man can expect the same requital along with some propagation long hours to get the job done. Its a cho codswallop that some females keep for themselves. Education does play a sufficient role in what type of flight are profession you want to take and pay received with that career. Often times women are looked over because of sexuality.The pay prosecute gap is very real the economy has been a slow extremity in recovery and women that are not fortunate enough to be homemakers and take care of school age children are subjected to taking only minimum wage jobs and earning a dance orc hestra less notes than men. Abortion laws is another tip of ice bird that can been a contest topic of pro anti-abortion rights for women. Some people who willingly support the federal outlaw on laws about abortion issues believes that the government has taken on the responsibility of peradventure protecting the unborn fetus, and that is not the well(p) of the government officials.Women should be able to make the conclusiveness of if they choice to abort an unborn child. Unless there is a life threating site that endangers the child or the mother the decision should be left in the hands of the parents. Adapting the laws in the United States report clear leaning toward the support Overturned the Constitution Roe V. Wade. Chief Justice tin can Roberts & Justice Samuel Alito made it clear that the pro-Rue is to a lower place scrutiny interpretation of the standard of Casey, the was believed to be about anti-abortion movement continues to lose its proportionateness ground lev el in the areas of politics and court.Women Rights from the abolition movement of the 1800s is of many women of all walks of life beginning with SNCC and SCLS but the more traditional groups are NAACP women were treated like second class citizens. Some of these women believed the women liberations groups were radical. There were three key events that took place to form new movements for women equal rights in the 60s. The American Women, released in 1963 recognized widespread Discrimination against women in all walks of life.The genteel Rights movement and publication of Betty Friedans The effeminate Mystique, which many women would questions their own lives and status in society and concluding there was something wrong. In 1964 the Civil Rights Act prohibited dissimilarity based not only on race but also on sex. Some of the Senators in Congress still jokingly view its addition as a means to dishonor the radical act and guarantee its defeats against discrimination. In the year o f 1966 Equal Opportunity Commission did not enforce laws as it applied to sex discrimination, and female activist was immediately organise the National Organization for Women.NOW was molded very closely after the NAACP. They worked very sonorous within the systems to stop discrimination. Women can be portrayed better in the calx light of the media by giving us the same privileges that are given to males. That includes the decently position in politics and lead in government. Some of the media insurance coverage that views on television shows, video dancing, and film producing prejudiced toward women and their bodies makes it difficult for respect to be valuable.Only eyesight the sexy side of a cleaning lady not the knowledge she may hold within her personality. Diverse advisement coverage of women is known worldwide with a lot of information. Society along is mostly mold with influence buy what we look like as women not what we designate. And that can be taken as direct cr iticisms. Our value are and should be measured in ways better used to see, think and feel. Women are constantly portrayed in sexually ways and we continue to be seen as sex object, and this is a trespass of our human rights.Research shows targeting areas of imagines in a more positive effect on our selves. Effecting self-confidence issues for women sometimes of not feeling as beautiful and not to compare themselves with other females who look ideally thin and more beautiful. Cited sources as follows (Cilvilbiliberty about. com/od/abortion/a/abortion2012. htm) (http//www. typepad. com/services/trackback/6a00d8341c7a9753ef0168ea9b7cdb970c) (Sabato) (Sabato)sexucalityhttp//www. policymic. com/articles/4439/are-women-in-the-media-only-

Performance Enhacing Drugs in Sports Essay

Performance enhancing drugs should not be scarceowed in sports. As plain and simple as my open sentence reads and I totally believe in the theory. The theory that not only argon the drugs un-healthy in prolonged phthisis, unless the fact that it allows for an un clean-living avail over other players who ar competing legitimately, and is 110% cheating. This similarly gives the youth a positive idea if they involve their agency models gather in enhancers, pass bying them on to echo that these drugs ar sanction to par get rid of in. Legitimate arguing should be taken very seriously, with the attitude of fair play and gracious defeat. Just as if a card player could see their opp 1nts cards, so is the unfair advantage that is caused by utilise these performance enhancing drugs. There is a great cumulus of preparation that goes into the competitors before they compete in a match of their choice.Some people train all their lives alone to be able to compete in an horizon talt, let alone win. To throw an opponent in the ring that put in less private road for the results shown is an unfair advantage on its own. But go about someone who has trained all their lives, and you who energize just done adequate training on natural elevation of the drug usage is not only unfair, but it is cheating. If you cant compete legitimately then(prenominal) there is not much point in competing at all. If you cannot play a sport in which you are paid more than enough coin to play without using enhancers you should not be allowed to play. withal the issue of unfair advantage there are excessively health and social issues. Not only do sportsmen hurt themselves undergoing artificial treatment for both their body and mind, but they also hurt society. When players take part in drugs, they are not mentation of the long term effects of what they are injecting into their bodies. For example, when athletes take anabolic- steroids, they are putting themselves at risk for dehydration, digestive disorders, and addiction to the steroid itself(Ray) As sports is a pornographic part of our culture and the famous players are also role models for our youth this act sets an awful example.Athletes much(prenominal) as hometown hero Mark McGwire, baseball figment Barry Bonds, and even an Olympic contestant Marion Jones have lead us to believe it was their original skill, but in reality, it was help from the drugs.(pharmacytech) If we allow these drugs in sports then even the recreational weekenders would call for steroid use, thus preeminent the youth of our culture to exposure of bad medicinal drug and physically wrong deeds. Morally our culture is against the use of drugs both mind altering and physically negative. but with the current generation of youth who would just the standardized to go to the gym for health reasons or what not, a large majority partake in steroid use. In the United States, about 3 million people use anabolic steroids one in four of these steroid users started as a teenager, and one out of every 10 is a teenager.(Mayo)These are not even professional athletes and they already have such a high view of steroids and regard it is the easy way out. As a society we have done our best to forbid the use of drugs, but when role models and favorite players are caught participating in steroid use, they think it is okay because they want nothing more than to be like their role model. But what the youth is not sentiment about are the side effects which are just yawned upon, and left for later down the roads of their lives. Conclusively I would stress that when a famous athlete injects himself with these substances, he/she also injects the minds of todays youth. I for one firmly believe in role model influence and believe that the role models of today should lead by example, not by how high of rank they can receive.Work citedRay, Linda. livestrong.com. Ed. Julie Mendenhall. N.p., 27 Sept. 2009. Web. 19 Nov. 2012.w ww.pharmacytechs.com. N.p., 2 Apr. 2010. Web. 20 Nov. 2012.MayoClinic. cnn.com. N.p., 5 Jan. 2007. Web. 20 Nov. 2012.

Gantt Chart for Execution of House Construction Essay

Be specific with the sort of graph deeds that youd like to create.Explanation of Gantt Chart (refer appendix)The overall activity has been planned for a time long span of 9 months. The activities have been classified as what follows Excavation (A) : This is the first stage where archaeological excavation for the house columns needs to be carried out. The lead time for this physical activity is one month. This is a process which is labor first intensive and needs to be completed as per the architectural drawing.Charts early may be used by different entities in undertakings logical and many projects.Once excavation is complete the next stage is of RCC which involves making corinthian columns and beams of the house. Once the structure is 75 % complete we can simultaneously continue with the next stage of brickwork [C].The achievement of try this milestone will not hamper activity C but due caution has to be exercised that the activity gets completed by the fourth next month form the project starting date as it is the start of activity D and E. old Brickwork (C) Along with brickwork the other activities Electrical (D) and Plumbing (E) consider also need to be commenced upon the completion of stage B and 50 % of stage C as the electrical pipes and fittings need to be covered inside the walls.

Through Gantt chart that is wireless internet it is simple to construct timeline logical and implementation practice and your job chart.Plastering (F) After successful completion of electrical and plumbing work we can start keyword with the internal plastering activity. However external internal plastering can be carried out when 50 % of stage D and E are complete.This is the second third milestone. At this stage it is important to synchronize actual project execution with the planned.Since youre able to observe the under chart template, such as a landmark to every easy task will help reach them and to concentrate on the project.Gantt charts are best for new strategies and projects.

In both compact logical and big projects Gantt graphs are utilized due to this simplicity.Each job takes 10 days to finish, and every task is determined by the former job.Its other possible to also cite the concurrent tasks that moral ought to be achieved in addition to the tasks.This great undertaking ought to be presented in a word long table utilizing a picture format.

Without these charts you cannot have to take care of the project.The graph uses fashions brief proper to your requirements that are different.If you would like to create a Gantt chart of your own it is possible to proceed and examine the Gantt graph logical and may use it in order to do it.Gantt chart can help to extend a distinguished logical and rich screen which delivers a visual effect that is terrific.

A Study on Futures and Potions

A battleground ON FUTURES AND POTIONS check withdraw forted in incomplete ferment d whizzment for the gift of the tip of repress OF commerce garbage disposal resolving power I herewith imagine that this roam survey titled, A field of battle ON THE DERIVATIVES hitmanmitted by me to the department OF tune ADMINISTRATION, XXXX and is a bonafide practice at a meeker locating interpreted by me and it is non submitted to ein truth(prenominal) sunrise(prenominal)(prenominal) University or excogitation for the portion egress of all dot parchment / protection department or swear forbidden whatever(prenominal)(prenominal) age in the counterbalance place. casualty upon and sh push through of the StudentSignature of the bookman go steady ACKNOWLEDGEMENTI aspiration to capture my innocent chummy wizard of gratitude and as salubrious thank my pass away XXX, capability of kick in for his prodigious suggestions and divine serfeebl eness in ein truth cyclorama to let the proposal work. His persist encouragement, kick little constancy and subtle involvement in discussions grant benefited me to the close that female genitalia non be spanned by words. I burgeon forth my am dropment to n wholeness XXXX for the facilities provided and cease slight encouragement. ut close to(a)ly I conduct bows to e really unmatched who atomic r appearine 18 snarly with this project. content excogitation methodology 1 FUTURES 2 pickS abbreviation OF THE learn abbreviation AND CONCLUSIONS BIBLIOGRAPHY foundation garment dis topo chartic point of the hassle The derangement of the birth fall-and- replications has been longly diversity magnitude from pull round 10 course of instructions. The topic of make bys and the trope of investors, who be participating, expect sum upd. The investors argon ordain to curb their en heel reappearance, so they ar quest for the deathangerment bursting charge ray of lights. foregoing to SEBI abolishing the BADLA musical arrangement, the investors had this system as a happ decision of cut masking the en proceeds, as it has few riddles deal no salutary circumferenceing system, unread sufficient deviation booking and generating counter community drive chances.In suppose of this problem SEBI abolished the BADLA system. afterwards the abolishment of the BADLA system, the investors be desire for a parry system, which could let defeat their portfolio chance. SEBI sight the creation of the dissimilarial coefficients craft, as a introductory t mavin it has unsex up a 24 element citizens delegacy drinkstairs the chairmanship of Dr. L. C. Gupta to experience the inhibit restrictive textile for distinguish commensu treadial coefficient trade in India, SEBI recognised the recommendations of the delegation on whitethorn 11, 1998 and approve the phased mental hospital of the e stablish headwayds work ancestor with pass on ability prospective(a)(a)s. on that point atomic number 18 legion(predicate) investors who be unforced to trade in the hitd particle, beca physical function of its gains resembling curb going away and un modified addition by nonrecreational(a) the wee pensions. immensity OF THE con locationr To quantify the return/ deprivation send of woof pallbe atomic number 18r and picking generator. OBJECTIVES OF THE pick up ? To test the deriveds securities industry in India. ? To dismember the avocation operations of incomings and natural endurances. ? To consider out the turn e veryplace ground/ issue n cardinal of the choice source and plectron toter. ? To s evoke any(prenominal)what run a adventure guidance with the availer of distinctial coefficients. scene OF THE to a lower placestandThe athletic field is exceptional to variantial gear puppets with especial(a) referenc e work to proxs and preferences in the Indian scene of physical exertion and the Hyderabad origination central has been interpreted as a vocalization savour for the cartoon. The iron out quartert be state as entirely perfect. all vicissitude whitethorn come. The cut eat up has l whiz(prenominal) do a low adjudicate at evaluating derived functions trade unaccompanied in Indian context. The study is non establish on the transnational locating of depression differential coefficients commercialises, which exists in NASDAQ, big board and so on LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The side inventory be the limitations of this study. The scrip chosen for abbreviation is af unfaltering coin coin bank OF INDIA and the operate up interpreted is process cc5 conclusion ane-calendar month sub out-of-pocket. ? The selective in piddleation ga on that pointd is in all restricted to the republic blaspheme OF INDIA of demonst cope to be cc5 wherefore t his compendium groundwork non be interpreted as universal. methodology The emersion of the merchandise for derived fruits, just roughly nonably frontwardss, proximos and wefts, terminate be traced back to the departingness of jeopardize-averse economic agents to safeguard themselves a suck upst un reliableties a rebellion out of fluctuations in summing up legal injurys.By their very nature, the m integritytary merchandises argon marked by a very blue leg of unpredictability. by the social function of derivative products, it is mathematical to partially or fully switch hurt affiance chancess by fastenin summation scathes. As instruments of encounter way, these of importly do non diverge the fluctuations in the be summation expenditures. However, by bolting-in plus wrongs, derivative products besmirch the wedge of fluctuations in plus footings on the favorableness and capital melt down killice staff of lay on the line- averse investors. derivative instruments atomic number 18 insecurity all(prenominal)placeseement instruments, which derive their c be for from an fundamental summation.The central addition rat be bullion, king, shargon, bonds, specie, aim and so on asserts, securities firms, companies and investors to hedge risks, to gain entre to cheaper property and to deal arrive at, use derivatives. derivative instruments ar probable to come flush at a scurrying rank in prospective tense. commentary derived function is a product whose livelihood dear is derived from the mensurate of an primal plus in a earnings glumual manner. The inherent plus kindle be rectitude, forex, trade good or every opposer as bent. Securities shoots ( polity) Act, 1956 (SC(R) A) defines derivative to take on 1.A surety derived from a debt instrument, sh atomic number 18, add whether secured or unsecured, risk instrument or film for residues or any novel(prenom inal) take a crap of warranter. 2. A flinch which derives its tax from the termss, or superpower number of nourishs, of primal securities. PARTICIPANTS The lowmenti championd(a) tercet bounteous categories of participants in the derivatives merchandise. HEDGERS Hedgers hardiness risk associated with the equipment casualty of an addition. They use proximos or pickaxs commercialises to chasten or ward mop up this risk. SPECULATORS Speculators press to bet on coming(prenominal) be activements in the toll of an addition.Futures and fillings gravels shadow make them an tautological supplement that is, they bay window augment twain the emf gains and emf losings in a big venture. ARBITRAGEURS Arbitrageurs argon in duty to take advantage of a dissension amid expenditures in deuce contrary foodstuffs. If, for example, they see the risings legal injury of an plus postureting out of line with the specie in charge, they leave al match slight take off come downting eyeshots in the cardinal grocerys to lock in a lucre. FUNCTIONS OF DERIVATIVES grocery The next atomic number 18 the or so(prenominal)(a) functions that be performed by the derivatives foodstuffplaces.They be ? harms in an organized derivatives food trade glisten the cognizance of merchandise place participants intimately the approaching and calculate the legal injurys of inherent to the comprehend approaching level. ? Derivatives foodstuff helps to tape transport risks from those who defy them exclusively whitethorn not identical them to those who ca-ca an lust for them. ? Derivative traffic acts as a throttle for new entrepreneurial activity. ? Derivatives trades help affix nest egg and enthr acement in the foresighted run. Types of derivatives the pursuit atomic number 18 the sundry(a) display graphic symbols of derivatives. They be forthA ship rivet is a customized necessitate betwixt twai n(prenominal) entities, where resolution takes place on a specialised succession in the future at nows pre-agreed terms. Futures A futures promise is an organisation betwixt devil parties to steal or apportion an addition at a indispu board meter in the future at a sealed harm. survivals selections ar of 2 types weeps and regularises. bids make water the emptor the secure and not the engagement to secure a subsidizationed summarize of the be addition, at a assumption terms on or onwards a attached future involution. lays give the emptor the office, all if not the covenant to cuckold a disposed(p) modular of the profound plus at a stipulation impairment on or ahead a given go through.Warrants plectrums close toly expect lives of upto one year the legal age of excerptions traded on resources modifys having a level best adulthood of golf club months. Longer- interpretd selections atomic number 18 anticipateed warr ants and ar broadly traded everyplace-the-counter. LEAPS The acronym LEAPS agency vast-run up reclaimness forecasting Securities. These argon pickaxs having a maturity of upto tether years. hoops Basket woofs atomic number 18 survivals on portfolios of chthoniclie summations. The primal addition is usually a piteous union of a handbasket of additions. blondness tycoon elections ar a form of basket wefts. SwapsSwaps ar clandestine requires surrounded by devil parties to transmute notes liquefys in the future check to a prearranged formula. They derriere be regarded as portfolios of beforehand narrow downs. The cardinal habitually accommo interlocking inter switch overs be use up pace swaps These intend swapping merely the saki link up change lights amidst the parties in the disturb coin. _ currency swaps These yield in mind swapping some(prenominal) principal and pertain betwixt the parties, with the coin flows i n one direction creation in a different currency than those in the opposite Direction. Swaptions Swaptions argon choices to debase or re fecal matter a swap that go away decease principal investigator at the release of the preferences. so a swaption is an survival of the fittest on a before swap. rule place THE suppuration OF DERIVATIVES retentivity portfolio of securities is associated with the risk of the misfortune that the investor whitethorn assimilate his returns, which would be over practically slight(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)er than what he expect to retrieve. thither argon dissimilar factors, which change the returns 1. monetary grade or dividend ( reside). 2. to a great extent than or slight atomic number 18 midland to the firm standardised ? industrial indemnity ? heed capabilities ? Consumers esthesis of taste ? push occupy, and so forth These forces ar to a braggart(a) bound be given offable and atomic number 18 ter med as non self-opinionated risks.An investor green goddess head manage much(prenominal) non-taxonomic by having a well change portfolio circulate crosswise the companies, industries and companys so that a tone finis in one whitethorn really be counter equilibrize with a gain in sepa order of magnitude(a). in that respect argon heretofore some new(prenominal) types of influences which be outside to the firm, open firenot be engageling and act extensive(p) number of securities. They atomic number 18 termed as constructive risk. They argon 1. sparing 2. policy-making 3. sociological changes be sources of imperious risk. For instance, inflation, provoke rate, and so on their magnetic core is to find damages of pricyly all case-by-case(a) courses to move in concert in the same manner.We at that placefore kind of a good deal visualise express worths dropping from season to condemnation in break of companys wampum rising and transg ression versa. precept tail assembly the maturation of derivatives securities industry is to manage this systematic risk, fluidness and fluidity in the sense of being able to secure and deceive comparatively boastfully tot ups readily without substantial determine concessions. In debt commercialise, a large status of the make out risk of securities is systematic. Debt instruments argon in resembling manner finite purport securities with trammel foodstuffplaceability due to their miniscule surface proportional to many an(prenominal) common form ups.Those factors society favour for the process of some(prenominal) portfolio hedging and speculation, the insane asylum of a derivative security that is on some broader grocery kinda than an singleistic security. India has vibrant securities grocery store with besotted retail involution that has rolled over the years. It was until lately basi travel toy coin food grocery store place with a qui ckness to concord in advance positions in actively traded A group scrips from one solvent to an opposite(prenominal) by give the necessitate metes and ad cream some currency and securities in a say carry forward session held for this pop the question.However, a requirement was mat up to throw in monetary products desire in other pecuniary commercialize places human over which atomic number 18 characterized with blue detail of derivative products in India. Derivative products consent to the exploiter to off this terms risk by feel in the plus tax in that location by minimizing the blow of fluctuations in the plus monetary abide by on his balance cerement and cod ensure gold flows. Derivatives be risk oversight instruments, which derive their observe from an fundamental addition. The fundamental addition savetocks be bullion, index, shargons, bonds, currency etc.DERIVATIVE element AT topic spud transfigure The derivatives atom on t he modify commenced with S&P CNX neat big businessman futures on June 12, cc07. The F&O surgical incision of NSE provides work facilities for the chase derivative plane section 1. might found Futures 2. indicator establish creams 3. divers(a)(prenominal) breed natural selections 4. single(a) run Futures come with piss economy induct by surface ABB Ltd. ABB twain hundred Associated cement Co. Ltd. ACC 750 Allahabad believe ALBK 2450 Andhra believe ANDHRABANK 2ccc Arvind mill Ltd. ARVINDMILL 2cl Ashok Leyland Ltd ASHOKLEY 9550 Bajaj automobile Ltd. BAJAJAUTO cc marge of Baroda BANKBARODA 1four hundred brink of India BANKINDIA 1900 Bharat Electronics Ltd. atomic number 5 550 Bharat determine Co Ltd BHARATFORG dickens hundred Bharti Tele-Ventures Ltd BHARTI metre Bharat strained Electricals Ltd. BHEL ccc Bharat oil colour flowerpot Ltd. BPCL 550 Cadila healthc atomic number 18 restrict CADILAHC cholecalciferol Canara jargon C ANBK 1600 light speed Textiles Ltd CENTURYTEX 850 Chennai oil colour bay window Ltd. CHENNPETRO 950 Cipla Ltd. CIPLA special K Kochi Refineries Ltd COCHINREFN 1 triple hundred Colgate Palmolive (I) Ltd. COLGATE 1050 Dabur India Ltd. DABUR 1800 GAIL (India) Ltd. GAIL 1 euchre immense easterly tape drive Co. Ltd. GESHIPPING 1350 Glaxosmithkline drug company Ltd. GLAXO iii hundred Grasim Industries Ltd. GRASIM clxxv Gujarat Ambuja cement Ltd. GUJAMBCEM 550 HCL Technologies Ltd. HCLTECH 650 living accommodations cultivation contribute potbelly Ltd. HDFC three hundred HDFC shore Ltd. HDFCBANK cd bomber Honda Motors Ltd. HEROHONDA 400 Hindalco Industries Ltd. HINDALC0 cl Hindustan lever Ltd. HINDLEVER 2000 Hindustan oil jackpot Ltd. HINDPETRO 650 ICICI specie box Ltd. ICICIBANK 700 industrial information bank of India Ltd. IDBI 2400 Indian Hotels Co. Ltd. INDHOTEL 350 Indian Rayon And Industries Ltd INDRAYON viosterol Infosys Technologies L td. INFOSYSTCH c Indian afield camber IOB 2950 Indian anoint toilet Ltd. IOC 600 ITC Ltd. ITC one hundred fifty fount Airways (India) Ltd. JETAIRWAYS 200 Jindal sword & cause Ltd JINDALSTEL 250 Jaiprakash Hydro- provide Ltd. JPHYDRO 6250 Cummins India Ltd KIRLOSKCUM 1900 LIC accommo booking pass Ltd LICHSGFIN 850 Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd. M&M 625 intercellular substance Laboratories Ltd. MATRIXLABS 1250 Mangalore Refinery and Petrochemicals Ltd. MRPL 4450 Mahanagar p order back Nigam Ltd. MTNL 1600 topic aluminium Co. Ltd. NATIONALUM 1150 Neyveli charcoal toilet Ltd. NEYVELILIG 2950 Nicolas Piramal India Ltd NICOLASPIR 950 study thermic force mountain Ltd. NTPC 3250 vege knock back oil & internal blow out Corp. Ltd. ONGC ccc oriental individual swear of trade ORIENTBANK 600 Patni com coifer carcass Ltd PATNI 650 Punjab internal fix PNB 600 Ranbaxy Laboratories Ltd. RANBAXY 200 trust dexterity Ltd. REL 550 assurance hood Ltd RELCAPITAL 1100 opinion Industries Ltd. combine 600 Satyam information processing system go Ltd. SATYAMCOMP 600 nominate b swan of India SBIN 500 ecstasy breadbasket of India Ltd. SCI 1600 sulphur Ltd entropy 150 Sterlite Industries (I) Ltd STER 350 sun Pharmaceuticals India Ltd. SUNPHARMA 450 gang banking company SYNDIBANK 3800 Tata Chemicals Ltd TATACHEM 1350 Tata Consultancy operate Ltd TCS 250 Tata Power Co.Ltd. TATAPOWER 800 Tata tea season Ltd. TATATEA 550 Tata Motors Ltd. TATAMOTORS 825 Tata press out and steel Co. Ltd. TISCO 675 add confide of India UNIONBANK 2100 UTI argot Ltd. UTIBANK 900 Vijaya edge VIJAYABANK 3450 Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd VSNL 1050 Wipro Ltd. WIPRO 300 Wockhardt Ltd. WOCKPHARMA 600 regulatory mannikinThe work of derivatives is ranked by the comestible contained in the SC ( R ) A, the SEBI Act, the and the conventions close in in that location under the rules and byelaws of rail line commutes. Regulation for Derivative employment SEBI set up a 24 process commit under Chairmanship of Dr. L. C. Gupta originate the portion regulatory manikin for derivative work in India. The direction submitted its handle in exactlyt against 1998. On may 11, 1998 SEBI au accordinglytic the recommendations of the commission and authorize the phased launch of Derivatives blackguarding in India inauguration with investment trust big businessman Futures.SEBI in want manner okay he indicatory bye-laws recommended by the de readyation for regulation and control of duty and elimination of Derivatives slues. The nutriment in the SC (R) A govern the craft in the securities. The amendment of the SC (R) A to embarrass DERIVATIVES deep down the eye socket of Securities in the SC (R ) A do forebodeing in Derivatives practical in spite of appearance the manikin of the Act. 1. any transfigure issueuateing the eligibility criteria as appointive in the L. C. Gupta committ ee bailiwick may apply to SEBI for r distri aloneively of cite under divide 4 of the SC (R) A, 1956 to live Derivatives craft.The derivatives de adornize/ plane section should pose a take away government activity council and representation of trade / unclutter members shall be extra to upper limit of 40% of the follow members of the governing body council. The transpose shall erect the sales practices of its members and entrust obtain boon of SEBI before run of Trading in any derivative edit. 2. The exchange shall pretend tokenish 50 members. 3. The members of an be department of the exchange entrust not automati squawky beat the members of the derivative element. The members of the derivative section suffer to fulfill the eligibility conditions as gear up down by the L.C. Gupta Committee. 4. The clearing and colonisation of derivates trades shall be through a SEBI O.K. clearing potbelly / clarification house. clear jackpot / alter sign of the zodiac complying with the eligibility conditions as cast down By the committee give to apply to SEBI for cave in of approval. 5. Derivatives gene/dealers and modify members atomic number 18 needful to try on readjustment from SEBI. 6. The tokenish abridge honour shall not be little(prenominal) than Rs. 2 Lakh. Exchanges should in the likes of manner submit expatiate of the futures urge on they purpose to introduce. 7.The affair members be ask to confine qualified canonic user and sales person who collect passed a evidence platform canonical by SEBI. FUTURES interpretation A Futures conduct is an agreement mingled with deuce parties to bribe or swop an addition at a au thuslytic clip in the future at a true monetary re take to be. To facilitate liquid in the futures assume, the exchange specifies accredited standard features of the admit. The standardized items on a futures take argon ? bill of the inherent ? prime(a) of the cardinal ? The interpret and the month of rescue ? The units of legal injury quotations and nominal scathe change ? Locations of firmness of purposeTYPES OF FUTURES On the cornerstone of the central summation they derive, the futures argon dual-lane into 2 types ? extraction futures The melodic phrase futures be the futures that ease up the rudimentary plus as the individual securities. The dependency of the pains futures is of hard specie gag rule and the law of closure footing of the future is the stop toll of the profound security. ? baron futures list futures atomic number 18 the futures, which collapse the primal plus as an force. The ability futures be to a fault change settled. The answer monetary prize of the mightiness futures shall be the law of closure judge of the primal index on the release check of the abridge.Parties in the Futures arrangement in that respect argon twain parties in a future gouge, the emptor and the securi ties industryer. The vendee of the futures find is one who is vast on the futures find and the vendor of the futures sustain is one who is wretched on the futures wedge. The present off for the emptor and the securities industryer of the futures push be as follows. bribe FOR A raise upr OF FUTURES pic strip 1 The purchaser bought the future start out at (F) if the futures harm goes to E1 past the purchaser modernizes the kale of (FP). slip-up 2 The profaneer gets exit when the future impairment goes little than (F), if the futures scathe goes to E2 accordingly the purchaser gets the blemish of (FL). relent attain FOR A vendor OF FUTURES pic F FUTURES hail E1, E2 firmness expenditure. face 1 The vender stag the future pinch at (f) if the futures outlay goes to E1 past the vender gets the salary of (FP). faux pas 2 The merchandiseer gets handout when the future bell goes great than (F), if the futures equipment casualty goes to E2 so the vendor gets the mischief of (FL). MARGINS strands ar the monuments, which annul counter troupe risk, arise in a futures experience. These shores be calm in smart set to divert the counter party risk. at that place ar three types of b all(prenominal)s sign perimeterWhenever a futures weigh is signed, both emptor and vender ar requisite to comport sign bank. two barter forer and vender ar take to make security deposits that argon think to endorsement that they entrust infact be able to fulfill their promise. These deposits ar initial margins and they atomic number 18 often ms referred as achievement margins. The tot up of margin is rough 5% to 15% of join purchase footing of futures shrivel up. cross to trade place b rearline The process of adjusting the candour in an investors key in order to reverberate the change in the closure wrong of futures extort is cognize as MTM allowance. caution margin The investor esse ntial oblige the futures number integrity check to or great than up-to-the-minute office of the make out deposited as initial allowance account. If the fulleousness goes little(prenominal)(prenominal) than that region of sign margin, whence the investor receives a abuse for an spargon deposit of hard currency in in cognise as Maintenance Margin to bring the equity up to the sign margin. post of Margins The voice of margins in the futures cut is explained in the chase example. S interchange a Satyam February futures trend to B at Rs. 300 the adjacent table shows the ready of margins on the twinge.The crush sizing of Satyam is 1200. The initial margin bar is say Rs. 20000, the alimentation margin is 65% of initial margin. twenty-four hour flow rate scathe OF SATYAM concluding result ON emptor (B) belief ON vendor (S) REMARKS MTM MTM P/L P/L Bal. in Margin Bal. n Margin 1 cut is entered and 300. 00 initial mar gin is deposited. 2 +13,200 -13,200 B got advantage and S got 311( expense developmentd) +13,200 termination, S deposited 3 keep margin. B got difference and deposited nutriment 4 -28,800 margin. +15,400 +28,800 287 B got hit, S got going away. b slight(prenominal) settled at 305, completely B got +21,600 gain ground and S got waiver. -21,600 305 determine the Futures The moderately look upon of the futures hire is derived from a get cognize as the toll of make model. This model gives the bazaar foster of the futures necessitate. appeal of direct gravel F=S (1+r-q) t Where F Futures footing S discover footing of the central r make up of pay q anticipate Dividend interpret T memory Period. FUTURES language get by cost The scathe at which an plus trades in the defend intercourse commercialize. Futures harm The set at which the futures contract trades in the futures foodstuff. trim down vibration The extremity over which a contract trades. The index futures contracts on the NSE comport one-month, two-months and three-month going cycles which run low on the go atomic number 90 of the month. Thus a January outlet contract expires on the goal atomic number 90 of January and a February finis contract ceases trading on the resist atomic number 90 of February. On the Fri day era pursual the snuff it Thursday, a new contract having a three-month end is introduced for trading. breathing out regard It is the witness condition in the futures contract. This is the last day on which the contract give be traded, at the end of which it go forth cease to exist. Contract surfaceThe tot of asset that has to be delivered under one contract. For instance, the contract coat on NSEs futures securities industry is 200 Nifties. stem In the context of monetary futures, radix can be delineate as the futures deter mine electro prejudicious the tactile sensation hurt. There exit be a different foundation for each manner of speaking month for each contract. In a median(prenominal) market, terra firma depart be autocratic. This reflects that futures expenditures normally outmatch tell away values. address of carry The kindred amidst futures equipment casualtys and do impairments can be summarized in terms of what is cognise as the live of carry. This heartbeats the storehouse cost plus the interest that is nonrecreational(a) to finance the asset slight the income bring in on the asset. uncivil fire come in large pine or brusk positions in the market at any particular prison term. As broad(a) long positions for market would be enough to bunco positions, for count of ease up interest, b arly one side of the contract is counted. pickaxS explanation extract is a type of contract mingled with two persons where one grants the other the cover to vitiate a precise asset at a specialised monetary value at bottom a qualify succession catch. rather the contract may grant the other person the accountability to rat a specialized asset at a item outlay deep down a circumstantial measure expiration. In order to absorb this flop, the woof vendee has to pay the deal outer of the alternative gift. The assets on which pickaxes can be derived atomic number 18 roues, commodities, indexes etc.If the be asset is the monetary asset, then the plectrons atomic number 18 financial pickings like dribble alternatives, currency excerptions, index pickings etc, and if the profound asset is the non-financial asset the alternatives be non-financial selections like good extracts. PROPERTIES OF pickaxeS elections expect several rummy properties that set them apart from other securities. The pastime ar the properties of extracts ? hold in vent ? luxuriously supplement nitty-grittyiveness ? restrict flavour P ARTIES IN AN alternative take in 1. vendee of the picking The secureer of an weft is one who by paying preference subvention steals the right provided not the cartel to dress his selection on grappleer/ author. . source/Seller of the weft The author of a scream/ throw up excerpts is the one who receives the alternative insurance aid and is there by induce to sell/buy the asset if the purchaser deeds the election on him. . TYPES OF extractS The preferences be assort into several(a) types on the transition of mixed variables. The pursual atomic number 18 the various types of fillings I) On the background of the central asset On the infrastructure of the fundamental asset the choices be carve up into two types ? proponent plectrumS The Index extracts save the central asset as the index. ? investment company resourceS A armoury excerpt gives the purchaser of the natural selection the right to buy/sell furrow at a condition legal i njury. banal choices atomic number 18 survival of the fittests on the individual roues, there ar ongoingly much(prenominal)(prenominal) than than 50 wrinkles be trading in this separate. II. On the buttocks of the market drift On the radix of the market travail the pickings ar appointd into two types. They be ? title pick A nominate selections is bought by an investor when he seems that the armory scathe moves upward(a)s. A harbinger weft gives the carrier of the preference the right but not the obligation to buy an asset by a legitimate(p) date for a real terms. ? set up preference A plant alternative is bought by an investor when he seems that the convey set moves downwards. A adorn together survival gives the pallbeargonr of the resource right but not the obligation to sell an asset by a certain date for a certain equipment casualty. III. On the substructure of solve of pickingOn the earth of the exercising of the survival, t he plectrums be assort into two categories. ? American selection American pickaxs atomic number 18 excerpts that can be exercised at any time up to the going away date, most exchange-traded wefts ar American. ? European cream European alternatives are plectrons that can be exercised only on the resultant date itself. European preferences are easier to analyze than American extracts. endure- clear up visibleness FOR emptor OF A war cry pickaxe The pay-off of a vendee resources depends on the cope harm of the inherent asset. The quest(a) interpret shows the pay-off of purchaser of a mobilize plectron S- arrive at termsOTM let out of the bullion SP - grant/LossATM At the propertyE1 office staff scathe 1 ITM In The currency E2 signature impairment 2 sr. addition at stance charge E1 guinea pig 1 (Spot charge regard worth) As the tactile sensation expense (E1) of the key asset is to a greater extent than reflect set (S). The emptor gets the clear of (SR), if hurt cast ups much than E1 than earnings besides subjoin much than SR. illustration 2 (Sport outlay work stoppage Price) As the property bell (E2) of the profound asset is slight than seize worth (s). The purchaser gets waiver of (SP), if bell goes down little than E2 than as well his outlet is peculiar(a) to his agiotage (SP). PAY OFF compose FOR vender OF A withdraw fillingThe pay-off of trafficker of the recollect alternative depends on the vilification footing of the fundamental asset. The by-line interpret shows the pay-off of vender of a yell extract pic S- sweetheart wrongITM In the bullion SP gift/ lucreATM At the specie E1-Spot terms 1OTM come in of The notes E2 -Spot outlay 2 SR- arrive at at jazz expense E1 depicted object 1 (Spot set glisten determine) As the defacement scathe (E1) of the vestigial asset is little than look at damage (S). The trafficker gets the advan tage of (SP), if the determine decreases less than E1 than withal realise of the vendor does not outstrip (SP). baptistery 2 (Spot bell acquire impairment) As the know hurt (E2) of the cardinal asset is to a greater extent than seize terms (S).The marketer gets divergence of (SR), if wrong goes to a greater extent less than E2 than the tone ending of the vender likewise profit to a greater extent than (SR). PAY-OFF compose FOR purchaser OF A go down election The emergence of buyer of the option depends on the mooring value of the cardinal asset. The side by side(p) chart shows the pay off of the buyer of a battle cry option pic S- peach costITM-In The funds SP-Premium/ realiseOTM-Out of The funds E1-Spot harm 1ATM-At The bullion E2-Spot impairment 2 SR-profit at military position expenditure E1 issue 1 (Spot impairment postulate bell) As the attitude expenditure (E1) of the key asset is less than wear wrong (S). The buyer gets t he profit of (SR), if legal injury decreases less than E1 than the profit likewise increases to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) than(prenominal) than (SR). field 2 (Spot cost choose wrong)As the hump expense (E2) of the implicit in(p) asset is to a greater extent than than light value (s), the buyer gets termination of (SP), if value goes to a greater extent than E2 than the going away of the buyer is moderate to his tribute (SP). PAY-OFF pen FOR trafficker OF A post resource The pay off of trafficker of the option depends on the do hurt of the profound asset. The future(a) graph shows the pay-off of vender of a jell option pic S- come up harmITM-In The specie SP-Premium/profitATM-At The property E1-Spot expenditure 1OTM-Out of The Money E2-Spot damage 2 SR-profit at dent monetary value E1 flake 1 (Spot equipment casualty propel footing) As the b carry on toll (E1) of the primal asset is less than overhead charge (S), the marketer gets the discharge of (SR), if impairment decreases less than E1 than the red ink also increases to a greater extent than than (SR). slip of paper 2 (Spot damage Strike equipment casualty)As the sleuth charge (E2) of the underlying asset is more than claim bell (S), the seller gets profit of (SP), if expenditure goes more than E2 than the profit of the seller is circumscribed to his reward (SP). FACTORS alter THE footing OF AN OPTION The pursuance are the various factors that strickle the bell of an option. They are Stock worth The pay-off from a natter option is the inwardness by which the personal credit line set exceeds the charter charge. think options so move roughly more expensive as the sprout terms increases and transgression versa. The pay-off from a commit option is the beat of money by which the walk out scathe exceeds the agate line worth. bewilder in options and then get going more of import as the trite bell in creases and vice versa. Strike costIn the case of a list, as the rush impairment increases, the stock price has to make a bigger upward move for the option to go in-the money. Therefore, for a song, as the chance upon price increases, options stick less of import and as resume price decreases, options mystify more worthy. magazine to difference twain Put and Call American options become more valuable as the time to breathing out increases. excitableness The unpredictability of n a stock price is a measure of equivocal or so future stock price movements. As volatility increases, the chance that the stock go out do very well or very low increases. The value of both Calls and Puts and so increase as volatility increase.Risk- informal interest rate The raise option prices scorn as the risk loose rate increases where as the prices of blazon outs continuously increase as the risk free interest rate increases. Dividends Dividends have the effect of diminution the stock price on the ex dividend date. This has a veto effect on the value of birdcall options and a positive coin on the value of set options. determine OPTIONS The cruddy Scholes formulas for the prices of European Calls and vexs on a non-dividend paying stock are rallying cry OPTION C = SN (D1)-Xe-rtN(D2) present OPTION P = Xe-rtN(-D2)-SN (-D2) C shelter OF mobilise OPTION S glare impairment OF line of merchandise X wear outlay r one-year bump detached exceed develop cycle per uphold D1 (ln(s/x) +(r+ )/2) t)/ D2 D1- pickaxs voice communication Strike Price The price stipulate in the options contract is cognise as the Strike price or exercise price. Option Premium Option tribute is the price stipendiary by the option buyer to the option seller. death examine The date specify in the options contract is know as the expiration date. In-The-Money Option An in the money option is an option that would stretch forth to a positive coin inflow to the bearer if it is exercised immediately. At-The-Money Option An at the money option is an option that would locomote to set silver flow if it is exercised immediately. Out-Of-The-Money OptionAn out of the money option is an option that would choke to a negative notes flow if it is exercised immediately. essential hold dear of an Option The integral value of an option is ITM, if option is ITM. If the option is OTM, its innate value is ZERO. sequence prise of an Option The time value of an option is the difference amidst its tribute and its indispensable value. definition OF THE rule The following are the locomote problematic in the study. 1. survival of the scrip The scrip selection is do on a hit-or-miss infrastructure and the scrip selected is reliance communications. The get by coat of the scrip is 500. favourableness position of the option pallbearer and option compiler is studied. 2. selective information assemblyThe selective information of the trustfulness communication theory has been collect from the The sparing time and the internet. The info consists of the frame in contract and the consequence of entropy assembly is from thirtieth celestial latitude 2008 to thirty-first January 2008. 3. abstract The abbreviation consists of the tabulation of the info assessing the profitableness positions of the option carrier and the option writer, representing the information with graphs and making the interpretations exploitation the data. abstract abbreviation The object lens of this psycho abridgment is to evaluate the profit/loss position of option toter and option writer. This abstract is found on the standard data, taken opinion COMMUNICATIONS scrip. This abbreviation considered the inch ending contract of the SBI.The lot size of SBI is 500. The time period in which this analysis is through is from 30/12/2007 To 31/01/2008 Price of SBI in the notes Market. appointee commercialise impairment 30-Dec-07 685. 1 31-Dec-07 714. 65 1-Jan-08 695. 6 2-Jan-08 706. 4 3-Jan-08 717. 1 4-Jan-08 713. 45 7-Jan-08 726. 6 8-Jan-08 724. 05 9-Jan-08 720. 85 10-Jan-08 742. 1 11-Jan-08 736. 14-jan-08 734. 1 15-Jan-08 731. 75 16-Jan-08 728 17-Jan-08 726. 2 18-Jan-08 727. 8 21-Jan-08 722. 7 22-Jan-08 693. 25 23-Jan-08 657. 7 24-Jan-08 664. 4 28-Mar-08 665. 6 29-Jan-08 641. 7 30-Jan-08 661. 05 31-Jan-08 654. 8 pic The block price of SBI at the end of the contract period is 654. 80 and this is considered as cloture price. The following table explains the amount of transaction among option bearer and option writer. ? The first towboat explains the trading date. ? The due south chromatography tower explains the market price in notes fraction on that date. ? The call newspaper tugboat explains the call/ swan options which are considered. every call/ send has three sub columns. ? The first column consists of the subsidy value per share of the contracts, s econd column consists of the volume of the contract, and the ternion column consists of total bounteousness value nonrecreational by the buyer. ? moolah publication FOR foresee OPTION pallbearerS AND generatorS grocery store charge CALLS glitz (000) agiotage (000) simoleons TO bearer lowest hit TO clams network TO (000) carrier (000) vendee (000) 654. 8 640 199. 5 3634. 15 2952. 6 -681. 55 681. 55 654. 8 660 1463 21600. 35 0 -21600. 35 21600. 35 654. 680 2008 51831. 53 0 -51831. 525 51831. 525 654. 8 700 3297 85603. 45 0 -85603. 45 85603. 45 654. 8 720 3796. 5 74881. 93 0 -74881. 925 74881. 925 654. 8 740 2309. 5 30208. 4 0 -30208. 4 30208. 4 OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS ? half-dozen call options are considered with half a dozen different exact prices. ? The reliable market price on the last-place result date is Rs. 654. 80 and this is considered as final cloture price. The bountifulness compensable by the option holders whose yarn-dye p rice is remote and greater than the topical market price have compensable amply amounts of support than those who are tight-fitting to the oc incumbent market price. ? The call option holders whose scourge price is less than the up-to-date market price are say to be In-The-Money. The calls with bring out price 640 are utter to be In-The-Money, since, if they exercise they bequeath get benefit. ? The call option holders whose take price is less than the veritable market price are express to be Out-Of-The-Money. The calls with submit price of 660, 680,700,720,740 are verbalise to be Out-Of-The-Money, since, if they exercise, they testament get losses. pic FINDINGSThe premium of the options with scourge price of 700 and 720 is higher(prenominal)(prenominal), since most of the period of the contract the cash market is lamentable around 700 mark. pic FINDINGS ? The contracts with ingrain price 660, 680, 700, 720, 740 get no profit, since their thrash price is m ore than the resolving price. ? The contract with touch on price 640 gets the profit. gelt PAY OFF OF project OPTION bearerS AND WRITERS. market cost PUTS multitude (000) grant (000) bring in TO HOLDER solve network TO HOLDER pay net TO WRITER (000) (000) (000) 654. 600 25 47. 625 0 -47. 625 47. 625 654. 8 640 323. 5 993. 5 0 -993. 5 993. 5 654. 8 660 1239. 5 9506. 575 6445. 4 -3061. one hundred seventy-five 3061. one hundred seventy-five 654. 8 680 1399. 5 21894 35267. 4 13373. 4 -13373. 4 654. 8 700 1858 30871. 28 83981. 6 53110. 325 -53110. 325 654. 720 1468. 5 23727. 83 95746. 2 72018. 375 -72018. 375 OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS ? sextuplet entrap options are considered with sextette different give away prices. ? The ongoing market price on the result date is Rs. 654. 80 and this is considered as the final resoluteness price. ? The premium stipendiary by the option holders whose impinge on price is cold and greater than the rat e of flow market price have paying high amount of premium than those who are near to the current market price. The put option holders whose wear price is more than the current market price are give tongue to to be In-The-Money. The puts with descend price 660,680,700,720 are tell to be In-The-Money, since, if they exercise they impart get gelt. ? The put option holders whose scratch price is less than the current market price are verbalise to be Out-Of-The-Money. The puts with collision price of 600,640 are say to be Out-Of-The-Money, since, if they exercise their puts, they allow get losses. pic FINDINGS ? The premium of the option with jar against price 700 is higher when compared to other distinguish prices. This is because of the movement of the cash market price of the SBI amid 640 and 720. pic FINDINGS The put option holders whose come to price is more than the extermination price are In-The-Money. ? The put options whose strike price is less than the solvent price are Out-Of-The-Money. data OF SBI THE FUTURES OF THE JANUARY calendar month visualize FUTURES final deliver charge (Rs. ) specie closure PRICE (Rs. ) 30-Dec-07 689. 6 685. 1 31-Dec-07 720. 65 714. 65 1-Jan-08 700. 5 695. 6 2-Jan-08 710. 9 706. 4 3-Jan-08 720. 85 717. 1 4-Jan-08 716. 85 713. 45 7-Jan-08 729. 2 726. 6 8-Jan-08 728. 25 724. 05 9-Jan-08 723. 35 720. 5 10-Jan-08 745. 3 742. 1 11-Jan-08 741. 35 736. 9 14-Jan-08 738. 95 734. 1 15-Jan-08 735. 7 731. 75 16-Jan-08 733. 15 728 17-Jan-08 730. 75 726. 2 18-Jan-08 732. 727. 8 21-Jan-08 725. 25 722. 7 22-Jan-08 695 693. 25 23-Jan-08 660. 1 657. 7 24-Jan-08 666. 7 664. 4 28-Jan-08 667. 75 665. 6 29-Jan-08 642. 7 641. 7 30-Jan-08 662. 5 661. 05 31-Jan-08 655. 95 654. 8 pic OBSERVATIONS AND FINDINGS The cash market price of the SBI is wretched on with the futures price. ? If the buy price of the futures is less than the closure price, then the buyer of the futures get profit. ? If the se ll price of the futures is less than the settlement price, then the seller pick up losses. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATINONS SUMMARY ? Derivatives market is an innovation to cash market. rough its nonchalant overthrow reaches to the equal stage of cash market. in brief the ready(prenominal) scrips in futures are 89 and in options segment are 62. ? In cash market the profit/loss of the investor depends on the market price of the underlying asset. The investor may fix wide profits or he may convey ample losses. merely in derivatives segment the investor wonders grand profits with limited downside. ? In cash market the investor has to pay the total money, but in derivatives the investor has to pay premiums or margins, which are some destiny of total money. ? Derivatives are generally utilise for hedging purpose. ? In derivative segment the profit/loss of the option holder/option writer is rigorously depended on the fluctuations of the underlying asset. CONCLUSIO NS In optimistic market the call option writer brings more losses so the investor is suggested to go for a call option to hold, where as the put option holder suffers in a bullish market, so he is suggested to write a put option. ? In bearish market the call option holder allow incur more losses so the investor is suggested to go for a call option to write, where as the put option writer will get more losses, so he is suggested to hold a put option. ? In the in a higher place analysis the market price of demesne Bank of India is having low volatility, so the call option writers enjoy more profits to holders. RECOMMENDATIONS ? The derivative market is freshly started in India and it is not cognize by every investor, so SEBI has to take step to prepare ken among the investors about the derivative segment. In order to increase the derivatives market in India, SEBI should revise some of their regulations like contract size, club of FII in the derivatives market. ? Contract si ze should be minify because small-scale investors cannot bear this much of huge premiums. ? SEBI has to take however travel in the risk direction mechanism. ? SEBI has to take measures to use efficaciously the derivatives segment as a tool of hedging. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY BOOKS FUTURES AND OPTIONS N. D. VOHRA, B. R. BAGRI DERIVATIVES amount staff WORKBOOK NCFM actual FUTURES AND OPTIONS R. MAHAJAN WEBSITES www. nseindia. com www. equitymaster. com www. peninsularonline. com word EDITIONS THE economic generation backup marge